124
could well be explained by the large proportion of
rental units and type of renters. As the literature
shows, this is an important determinant of quality
of housing. Students may be more interested in
just having a place to dwell while they finish their
studies and therefore do not worry too much about
the quality of their housing units.
At this point, the indicator obtained is considered in the process of updating the neighborhood’s master plan. It is imperative that this
indicator can be used to track progress in the
implementation of SDGs in the community.
Replication of the proposed methodology in
this case study is paramount so that other communities can create data for evidence-based policymaking; thus, some generalizations and
recommendations follow.
9.5.1 Generalizations
and Recommendations
The ubiquity of the data used in this study in the
United States allows us to conclude that other
communities can easily replicate the proposed
methodology and create their own indicators of
inadequate housing.
The experience in this case study allows us to
confirm that the data collection methodology
used is quite suitable for adoption and implementation by resource-strapped neighborhood organizations interested in reporting on the SDGs.
Finally, two recommendations can be made:
First, communities can use the methodology proposed to assess housing conditions and create an
indicator of inadequate housing as part of an
evidence- based policymaking process to implement goal 11 of the SDGs. Second, this methodology should be re-implemented every other year
to capture change and to keep track of goal 11 of
the SDGs, keeping in mind that the nature of the
market and context (predominantly rental or
owner-occupied) are important determinants of
the ideal frequency.
Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges
the valuable contributions of students from the Geography
and Planning Department at St. Cloud State University,
City of St. Cloud officials, the Neighborhood University
Community Council, and the Southside University
Neighborhood Association.
References
Bianchi SM, Farley R, Spain D (1982) Racial inequalities in
housing: an examination of recent trends. Demography
19(1):37–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061127
Eggers F, Moumen F (2013) American housing survey: housing adequacy and quality as measured by
the AHS. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development, Washington, DC
Emrath P, Taylor H (2012) Housing value, costs, and measures of physical adequacy. City 14(1):99–125
Estevez L (2019) Composite indicators and data of
housing assessment for St. Cloud, MN (Version
V1): Harvard Dataverse. Retrieved from https://doi.
org/10.7910/DVN/6HBLL7
Kain JF, Quigley JM (1970) Measuring the value of housing quality. J Am Stat Assoc 65(330):532–548. https://
doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1970.10481102
Koebel CT (1986) Estimating substandard housing for planning purposes. [Article]. J Plan Educ
Res 5(3):191–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/07394
56x8600500306
Kristof FS (1968) Urban housing needs through the
1980s: an analysis and projection. Research Report
No. 10, prepared for the National Commission on
Urban Problems, Washington, D.C
Kutty NK (1999) Determinants of structural adequacy of
dwellings. J Hous Res 10(1):27
Levine (1978) Federal housing policy: current programs
and recurring issues. A background paper of the congress of the United States congressional budget office.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Newman SJ, Schnare AB (1988) Subsidizing shelter: the
relationship between welfare and housing assistance.
The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
Newman SJ, Struyk RJ (1983) Housing and poverty. Rev Econ Stat 65(2):243–253. https://doi.
org/10.2307/1924490
Orr JA, Peach RW (1999) Housing outcomes: an assessment of long-term trends. Fed Res Bank New York
Econom Policy Rev 5:51–61
Simonson J (1981) Measuring inadequate housing through
the use of the annual housing survey. U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
Sinha RC, Sarkar S, Mandal NR (2017) An overview of
key indicators and evaluation tools for assessing housing quality: a literature review. [Review]. J Institut
Eng (India): Series A 98(3):337–347. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40030-017-0225-z
Smith MT, Murray MS, O’Dell W (2003) Estimating the
need for single family rehabilitation. [Article]. J Reg
Anal Policy 33(2):37–52
L. Estevez
could well be explained by the large proportion of
rental units and type of renters. As the literature
shows, this is an important determinant of quality
of housing. Students may be more interested in
just having a place to dwell while they finish their
studies and therefore do not worry too much about
the quality of their housing units.
At this point, the indicator obtained is considered in the process of updating the neighborhood’s master plan. It is imperative that this
indicator can be used to track progress in the
implementation of SDGs in the community.
Replication of the proposed methodology in
this case study is paramount so that other communities can create data for evidence-based policymaking; thus, some generalizations and
recommendations follow.
9.5.1 Generalizations
and Recommendations
The ubiquity of the data used in this study in the
United States allows us to conclude that other
communities can easily replicate the proposed
methodology and create their own indicators of
inadequate housing.
The experience in this case study allows us to
confirm that the data collection methodology
used is quite suitable for adoption and implementation by resource-strapped neighborhood organizations interested in reporting on the SDGs.
Finally, two recommendations can be made:
First, communities can use the methodology proposed to assess housing conditions and create an
indicator of inadequate housing as part of an
evidence- based policymaking process to implement goal 11 of the SDGs. Second, this methodology should be re-implemented every other year
to capture change and to keep track of goal 11 of
the SDGs, keeping in mind that the nature of the
market and context (predominantly rental or
owner-occupied) are important determinants of
the ideal frequency.
Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges
the valuable contributions of students from the Geography
and Planning Department at St. Cloud State University,
City of St. Cloud officials, the Neighborhood University
Community Council, and the Southside University
Neighborhood Association.
References
Bianchi SM, Farley R, Spain D (1982) Racial inequalities in
housing: an examination of recent trends. Demography
19(1):37–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061127
Eggers F, Moumen F (2013) American housing survey: housing adequacy and quality as measured by
the AHS. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development, Washington, DC
Emrath P, Taylor H (2012) Housing value, costs, and measures of physical adequacy. City 14(1):99–125
Estevez L (2019) Composite indicators and data of
housing assessment for St. Cloud, MN (Version
V1): Harvard Dataverse. Retrieved from https://doi.
org/10.7910/DVN/6HBLL7
Kain JF, Quigley JM (1970) Measuring the value of housing quality. J Am Stat Assoc 65(330):532–548. https://
doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1970.10481102
Koebel CT (1986) Estimating substandard housing for planning purposes. [Article]. J Plan Educ
Res 5(3):191–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/07394
56x8600500306
Kristof FS (1968) Urban housing needs through the
1980s: an analysis and projection. Research Report
No. 10, prepared for the National Commission on
Urban Problems, Washington, D.C
Kutty NK (1999) Determinants of structural adequacy of
dwellings. J Hous Res 10(1):27
Levine (1978) Federal housing policy: current programs
and recurring issues. A background paper of the congress of the United States congressional budget office.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Newman SJ, Schnare AB (1988) Subsidizing shelter: the
relationship between welfare and housing assistance.
The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC
Newman SJ, Struyk RJ (1983) Housing and poverty. Rev Econ Stat 65(2):243–253. https://doi.
org/10.2307/1924490
Orr JA, Peach RW (1999) Housing outcomes: an assessment of long-term trends. Fed Res Bank New York
Econom Policy Rev 5:51–61
Simonson J (1981) Measuring inadequate housing through
the use of the annual housing survey. U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC
Sinha RC, Sarkar S, Mandal NR (2017) An overview of
key indicators and evaluation tools for assessing housing quality: a literature review. [Review]. J Institut
Eng (India): Series A 98(3):337–347. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40030-017-0225-z
Smith MT, Murray MS, O’Dell W (2003) Estimating the
need for single family rehabilitation. [Article]. J Reg
Anal Policy 33(2):37–52
L. Estevez