A Study to Generate a Weak Order
from a Partially Ordered Set, Taken
Biomonitoring Measurements
Rainer Bruggemann, Lars Carlsen, Bardia Panahbehagh,
and Stergios Pirintsos
1 Introduction
Several scientific disciplines are involved in the study of chemical processes that
occur in water, air, terrestrial and living environments, and the effects of human
activity on them. Environmental chemistry, as one of these, is not only the discipline
handling substances in difficult targets, such as sludge (Jin et al. 2017), trees (Ferretti
et al. 2002), or lichens (Pirintsos et al. 2006), but also having the task to support
decisions in environmental systems (Pirintsos and Loppi 2008).
Due to the complexity of environmental systems a series of well-defined indicators is constructed, representing the knowledge about the system and thus supporting
decisions for an appropriate management (Buonocore et al. 2018; Grönlund 2019).
Hence, the start for a management and a decision based on a ranking of chemicals
(our example) is the analysis of multi-indicator systems (MIS). An example of MIS
is the output of several lichen biomonitoring studies concerning metal pollution
in the atmospheric environment. To be more specific, the indicators are related to
R. Bruggemann ()
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
e-mail: brg_home@web.de
L. Carlsen
Awareness Center, Roskilde, Denmark
e-mail: LC@AwarenessCenter.dk
B. Panahbehagh
Department of Mathematical Sciences and Computer, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
e-mail: panahbehagh@khu.ac.ir
S. Pirintsos
Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
e-mail: pirintsos@biology.uoc.gr
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
R. Bruggemann et al. (eds.), Measuring and Understanding Complex Phenomena,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59683-5_5
63
from a Partially Ordered Set, Taken
Biomonitoring Measurements
Rainer Bruggemann, Lars Carlsen, Bardia Panahbehagh,
and Stergios Pirintsos
1 Introduction
Several scientific disciplines are involved in the study of chemical processes that
occur in water, air, terrestrial and living environments, and the effects of human
activity on them. Environmental chemistry, as one of these, is not only the discipline
handling substances in difficult targets, such as sludge (Jin et al. 2017), trees (Ferretti
et al. 2002), or lichens (Pirintsos et al. 2006), but also having the task to support
decisions in environmental systems (Pirintsos and Loppi 2008).
Due to the complexity of environmental systems a series of well-defined indicators is constructed, representing the knowledge about the system and thus supporting
decisions for an appropriate management (Buonocore et al. 2018; Grönlund 2019).
Hence, the start for a management and a decision based on a ranking of chemicals
(our example) is the analysis of multi-indicator systems (MIS). An example of MIS
is the output of several lichen biomonitoring studies concerning metal pollution
in the atmospheric environment. To be more specific, the indicators are related to
R. Bruggemann ()
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
e-mail: brg_home@web.de
L. Carlsen
Awareness Center, Roskilde, Denmark
e-mail: LC@AwarenessCenter.dk
B. Panahbehagh
Department of Mathematical Sciences and Computer, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
e-mail: panahbehagh@khu.ac.ir
S. Pirintsos
Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
e-mail: pirintsos@biology.uoc.gr
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
R. Bruggemann et al. (eds.), Measuring and Understanding Complex Phenomena,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59683-5_5
63