Comparison of Selected Procedures for Generating Activated Carbon. . .
177
and apricot kernels. In addition, coconuts are not possible for use in Kazakhstan,
since there is no raw material base and as such a relatively expensive raw
material.(Antoszczyszyn and Michalska 2016).
4. Although apricot kernels and seeds of other fruit trees a priori look like
afdvantageous starting materials thiks material may secrete a large amount of
HCN. Further, as a rule, when obtaining AC from the seeds of various fruits,
chemical methods are used for activation, which is harmful both for a person
working in production and for the environment as a whole.
5. The preparation of AC from traditional raw materials such as bituminous coal,
phenol-formaldehyde resins is an economically expensive and environmentally
harmful production. This raw material is non-renewable, and its extraction is a
laborious and harmful process.
6. The use of wood as a raw material for the production of AC is a laborious process,
as it often requires grinding and chemical preparation of the raw material for
carbonization. The main task of replacing wood with more accessible material is
that a long period is needed to restore and grow large-scale forests, which are cut
down annually as a result of the widespread use of wood.
Cost-effective ACs made of new materials are supposed to find its application
in various industries, such as processes for cleaning of wastewater, air, and the
environment as a whole. Hence, despite the low ranking of the method based on
Miscanthus straw, this method should obviously not be left out of consideration.
References
Abit, K. E., Carlsen, L., Nurzhanova, A. A., & Nauryzbaev, M. K. (2019). Activated carbons from
Miscanthus straw for cleaning water bodies in Kazakhstan. Eurasian Chemico-Technological
Journal, 21, 259–267.
Alcaniz-Monge, J., Perez-Cadenas, M., & Marco-Lozar, J. P. (2012). Removal of harmful volatile
organic compounds on activated carbon fibres prepared by steam or carbon dioxide activation.
Adsorption Science and Technology, 30, 473–482.
Antoszczyszyn, T., & Michalska, A. (2016). The potential risk of environmental contamination by
mercury contained in Polish coal mining waste. Journal of Sustainable Mining, 15, 191–196.
Baçaoui, A., Yaacoubi, A., Dahbi, A., Bennouna, C., Luu, R. P. T., Maldonado-Hodar, F. J., RiveraUtrilla, J., & Moreno-Castilla, C. (2001). Optimization of conditions for the preparation of
activated carbons from olive-waste cakes. Carbon, 39, 425–432.
Bae, W., Kim, J., & Chung, J. (2014). Production of granular activated carbon from foodprocessing wastes (walnut shells and jujube seeds) and its adsorptive properties. Journal of
the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 64, 879–886.
Boopathy, R., Karthikeyan, S., Mandal, A. B., & Sekaran, G. (2013). Adsorption of ammonium
ion by coconut shell-activated carbon from aqueous solution: Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 533–554.
Bruggemann, R., & Annoni, P. (2014). Average heights in partially ordered sets. MATCH –
Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry, 71, 117–142.
Bruggemann, R., & Carlsen, L. (Eds.). (2006). Partial order in environmental sciences and
chemistry. Berlin: Springer.
177
and apricot kernels. In addition, coconuts are not possible for use in Kazakhstan,
since there is no raw material base and as such a relatively expensive raw
material.(Antoszczyszyn and Michalska 2016).
4. Although apricot kernels and seeds of other fruit trees a priori look like
afdvantageous starting materials thiks material may secrete a large amount of
HCN. Further, as a rule, when obtaining AC from the seeds of various fruits,
chemical methods are used for activation, which is harmful both for a person
working in production and for the environment as a whole.
5. The preparation of AC from traditional raw materials such as bituminous coal,
phenol-formaldehyde resins is an economically expensive and environmentally
harmful production. This raw material is non-renewable, and its extraction is a
laborious and harmful process.
6. The use of wood as a raw material for the production of AC is a laborious process,
as it often requires grinding and chemical preparation of the raw material for
carbonization. The main task of replacing wood with more accessible material is
that a long period is needed to restore and grow large-scale forests, which are cut
down annually as a result of the widespread use of wood.
Cost-effective ACs made of new materials are supposed to find its application
in various industries, such as processes for cleaning of wastewater, air, and the
environment as a whole. Hence, despite the low ranking of the method based on
Miscanthus straw, this method should obviously not be left out of consideration.
References
Abit, K. E., Carlsen, L., Nurzhanova, A. A., & Nauryzbaev, M. K. (2019). Activated carbons from
Miscanthus straw for cleaning water bodies in Kazakhstan. Eurasian Chemico-Technological
Journal, 21, 259–267.
Alcaniz-Monge, J., Perez-Cadenas, M., & Marco-Lozar, J. P. (2012). Removal of harmful volatile
organic compounds on activated carbon fibres prepared by steam or carbon dioxide activation.
Adsorption Science and Technology, 30, 473–482.
Antoszczyszyn, T., & Michalska, A. (2016). The potential risk of environmental contamination by
mercury contained in Polish coal mining waste. Journal of Sustainable Mining, 15, 191–196.
Baçaoui, A., Yaacoubi, A., Dahbi, A., Bennouna, C., Luu, R. P. T., Maldonado-Hodar, F. J., RiveraUtrilla, J., & Moreno-Castilla, C. (2001). Optimization of conditions for the preparation of
activated carbons from olive-waste cakes. Carbon, 39, 425–432.
Bae, W., Kim, J., & Chung, J. (2014). Production of granular activated carbon from foodprocessing wastes (walnut shells and jujube seeds) and its adsorptive properties. Journal of
the Air & Waste Management Association (1995), 64, 879–886.
Boopathy, R., Karthikeyan, S., Mandal, A. B., & Sekaran, G. (2013). Adsorption of ammonium
ion by coconut shell-activated carbon from aqueous solution: Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 533–554.
Bruggemann, R., & Annoni, P. (2014). Average heights in partially ordered sets. MATCH –
Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry, 71, 117–142.
Bruggemann, R., & Carlsen, L. (Eds.). (2006). Partial order in environmental sciences and
chemistry. Berlin: Springer.