16.4 Shanghai
349
Table 16.1 Integrated urban and rural water affair reform progress
Year
Institution
Function coverage
WAB
WRB Urban water
supply
Urban water
saving
Urban
drainage
Wastewater
treatment
and reuse
Urban flood
control
2004 a 1,021
338
1,108
1,359
698
894
354
2007 1,065
427
793
1,044
370
234
1,278
2008 1,095
437
830
1,058
397
260
1,307
2011 1,436
454
1,052
1,364
615
445
1,516
2012 1,469
454
1,077
1,411
625
478
1,535
2017 1,528
1,123 959
1,916
593
464
2,364
a Data was at the end of March 2005
Sources: Water resources management center, MWR (2018) 2017 Water resources management
yearbook of China
Dept. of Water Resources, MWR (2005) 2004 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources management, MWR (2008) 2007 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources management, MWR (2009) 2008 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources, MWR (2012) 2011 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources, MWR (2013) 2012 Water affair management yearbook
Permission granted by MWR on its website subject to proper citation
16.4 Shanghai
Shanghai is located in East China and in a subtropical zone. It is the largest city and
the most developed region in China. In 2017, the municipality had a population of
more than 24 million, a GDP of 3,013 billion RMB with an industrial structure of
0.3: 30.7: 69.0, and per capita of 124,600 RMB.
Shanghai is situated at the estuary of the Yangtze River and the end of Taihu
Lake, with dense rivers. The municipality can develop both local water resources and
passing runoff in the Yangtze and the Taihu. Local water resources are 2.56 billion
m
3 , of which groundwater contributes 0.142 billion m
3 . The annual passing runoff
is 10.66 billion m
3 from Taihu Lake and 933.5 billion m
3 from the Yangtze River.
Thus, the municipality has limited local resources but plentiful passing resources.
The municipal water supply in 1998 was 11.085 billion m
3 , of which 10.982 was
from surface water and 0.103 billion m
3 from groundwater, and 72% from the Yangtze
River and the Huangpujiang River (most from Taihu Lake). Among sectors, industry
used 7.363 billion m
3 (of which 5.867 billion m
3 was for power generation), the
domestic sector used 1.465 billion m
3 , and agriculture used 2.257 billion m
3 . Since
1996, total municipal water use has increased slowly, and industrial water use has
decreased at an annual rate of 10% (Ruan 2003). In 2017, the total water use of
the municipality was 7.603 billion m
3 , of which agricultural, industry, urban public,
residential, and eco-environmental uses represented 20.4%, 46.2%, 14.9%, 17.4%,
and 1.1%, respectively (Shanghai WAB 2018). A clear decrease in water use has
been demonstrated over the past 20 years.
349
Table 16.1 Integrated urban and rural water affair reform progress
Year
Institution
Function coverage
WAB
WRB Urban water
supply
Urban water
saving
Urban
drainage
Wastewater
treatment
and reuse
Urban flood
control
2004 a 1,021
338
1,108
1,359
698
894
354
2007 1,065
427
793
1,044
370
234
1,278
2008 1,095
437
830
1,058
397
260
1,307
2011 1,436
454
1,052
1,364
615
445
1,516
2012 1,469
454
1,077
1,411
625
478
1,535
2017 1,528
1,123 959
1,916
593
464
2,364
a Data was at the end of March 2005
Sources: Water resources management center, MWR (2018) 2017 Water resources management
yearbook of China
Dept. of Water Resources, MWR (2005) 2004 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources management, MWR (2008) 2007 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources management, MWR (2009) 2008 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources, MWR (2012) 2011 Water affair management yearbook
Dept. of Water Resources, MWR (2013) 2012 Water affair management yearbook
Permission granted by MWR on its website subject to proper citation
16.4 Shanghai
Shanghai is located in East China and in a subtropical zone. It is the largest city and
the most developed region in China. In 2017, the municipality had a population of
more than 24 million, a GDP of 3,013 billion RMB with an industrial structure of
0.3: 30.7: 69.0, and per capita of 124,600 RMB.
Shanghai is situated at the estuary of the Yangtze River and the end of Taihu
Lake, with dense rivers. The municipality can develop both local water resources and
passing runoff in the Yangtze and the Taihu. Local water resources are 2.56 billion
m
3 , of which groundwater contributes 0.142 billion m
3 . The annual passing runoff
is 10.66 billion m
3 from Taihu Lake and 933.5 billion m
3 from the Yangtze River.
Thus, the municipality has limited local resources but plentiful passing resources.
The municipal water supply in 1998 was 11.085 billion m
3 , of which 10.982 was
from surface water and 0.103 billion m
3 from groundwater, and 72% from the Yangtze
River and the Huangpujiang River (most from Taihu Lake). Among sectors, industry
used 7.363 billion m
3 (of which 5.867 billion m
3 was for power generation), the
domestic sector used 1.465 billion m
3 , and agriculture used 2.257 billion m
3 . Since
1996, total municipal water use has increased slowly, and industrial water use has
decreased at an annual rate of 10% (Ruan 2003). In 2017, the total water use of
the municipality was 7.603 billion m
3 , of which agricultural, industry, urban public,
residential, and eco-environmental uses represented 20.4%, 46.2%, 14.9%, 17.4%,
and 1.1%, respectively (Shanghai WAB 2018). A clear decrease in water use has
been demonstrated over the past 20 years.