246
spread, as well as severity of the illness (Kilbourne 2006). The 1918 pandemic
caused by the H1N1 strain affected about 40 million deaths (Taubenberger 2006).
Avian influenza that is an infectious disease of birds responsible for outbreak in
poultry population may infect humans exposed to the infected birds (Ioanna et al.
2018; FAO 2007). The serious outbreaks in recent years have been reported in
1997–1998 (Hong Kong), 2003 (Hong Kong), 2002 (Chile), 2003 (the Netherlands),
and 2004–2006 (South East Asia) (FAO 2019).
The impact of outbreaks in poultry since 2003 is linked to fatality of over 200
people, more than 230 million poultry beside many of wild birds. 1997 outbreak in
Hong Kong, resulted in infection of 18 people (with six death), culling of more than
1.5 million chickens to contain as well as eradicate the disease (FAO 2007).
A review of global avian influenza outbreaks in the period 2010 and 2016
revealed that most started from commercial poultry farms (364 out breaks, 56.1%),
wild bird species (103 outbreaks, 15.9%), and domestic poultry at backyard (87
outbreaks, 13.4%) with rest of the outbreaks at mixed (commercial and wild), live
poultry market, live bird market, village, natural park, wet market, zoo, wild habitat,
slaughterhouse, and game birds.
Swine flu (H1N1) pandemic in 2009 is linked to hog farms nearby La Gloria,
Veracruz, Mexico due to problems related to industrializing hog sector in Mexico
with respect to environmental pollution, waste management, and disease control
(Alexandra et al. 2010; Philpott 2009; Burkat 2009).
After determining that cases of a virulent influenza detected in Mexico and
United States were related, WHO issued a health advisory. The epidemic swine flu
virus is a type of swine influenza, originating from a strain lived in pigs. H1N1
influenza pandemic was declared in June, the 2009 (WHO 2012).
A case of transmission from human to swine was reported on June 25, 2009 in
Buenos Aires province, Argentina (Merco Press 2009). 3000 pigs infected with new
swine flu virus in Alberta, Canada were culled in June 2009 (The Star 2009). Swine
to Humans transmission from the same hog herd was revealed on 20 July, 2009 even
though transmission happened on 7 May 2009 (CBC 2009). Following epidemic
Egypt began slaughtering pigs in the country numbering 300,000–350,000 killing
several hundred thousand hogs in May, 2009 (Maamoun 2009; Sameh and
Anders 2013).
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) initially appeared in rural Guangdong
province in China, which later reported in Fushan City on 16 October 2002.
Admission of a patient from Zhongshan city to hospital in Guangzhou with supposed viral pneumonia to Sun Yet-San Medical University led to the spread of
SARS to 28 medical and nursing staff besides the ambulance driver. SARS virus
then transmitted to five hospitals (Zhao et al. 2003). When a doctor from Guangzhou
went to Hong Kong on 21 February 2003 presumed to have infected a business
person who went to Hanoi, Vietnam, a couple from Toronto, Canada, three people
6 Public Health
spread, as well as severity of the illness (Kilbourne 2006). The 1918 pandemic
caused by the H1N1 strain affected about 40 million deaths (Taubenberger 2006).
Avian influenza that is an infectious disease of birds responsible for outbreak in
poultry population may infect humans exposed to the infected birds (Ioanna et al.
2018; FAO 2007). The serious outbreaks in recent years have been reported in
1997–1998 (Hong Kong), 2003 (Hong Kong), 2002 (Chile), 2003 (the Netherlands),
and 2004–2006 (South East Asia) (FAO 2019).
The impact of outbreaks in poultry since 2003 is linked to fatality of over 200
people, more than 230 million poultry beside many of wild birds. 1997 outbreak in
Hong Kong, resulted in infection of 18 people (with six death), culling of more than
1.5 million chickens to contain as well as eradicate the disease (FAO 2007).
A review of global avian influenza outbreaks in the period 2010 and 2016
revealed that most started from commercial poultry farms (364 out breaks, 56.1%),
wild bird species (103 outbreaks, 15.9%), and domestic poultry at backyard (87
outbreaks, 13.4%) with rest of the outbreaks at mixed (commercial and wild), live
poultry market, live bird market, village, natural park, wet market, zoo, wild habitat,
slaughterhouse, and game birds.
Swine flu (H1N1) pandemic in 2009 is linked to hog farms nearby La Gloria,
Veracruz, Mexico due to problems related to industrializing hog sector in Mexico
with respect to environmental pollution, waste management, and disease control
(Alexandra et al. 2010; Philpott 2009; Burkat 2009).
After determining that cases of a virulent influenza detected in Mexico and
United States were related, WHO issued a health advisory. The epidemic swine flu
virus is a type of swine influenza, originating from a strain lived in pigs. H1N1
influenza pandemic was declared in June, the 2009 (WHO 2012).
A case of transmission from human to swine was reported on June 25, 2009 in
Buenos Aires province, Argentina (Merco Press 2009). 3000 pigs infected with new
swine flu virus in Alberta, Canada were culled in June 2009 (The Star 2009). Swine
to Humans transmission from the same hog herd was revealed on 20 July, 2009 even
though transmission happened on 7 May 2009 (CBC 2009). Following epidemic
Egypt began slaughtering pigs in the country numbering 300,000–350,000 killing
several hundred thousand hogs in May, 2009 (Maamoun 2009; Sameh and
Anders 2013).
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) initially appeared in rural Guangdong
province in China, which later reported in Fushan City on 16 October 2002.
Admission of a patient from Zhongshan city to hospital in Guangzhou with supposed viral pneumonia to Sun Yet-San Medical University led to the spread of
SARS to 28 medical and nursing staff besides the ambulance driver. SARS virus
then transmitted to five hospitals (Zhao et al. 2003). When a doctor from Guangzhou
went to Hong Kong on 21 February 2003 presumed to have infected a business
person who went to Hanoi, Vietnam, a couple from Toronto, Canada, three people
6 Public Health