212
Frérot M, Lefebvre A, Aho S, Callier P, Astruc K, AhoGlélé LS (2018) What is epidemiology?
Changing definitions of epidemiology 1978-2017. PLoS One 13(12):e0208442. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208442
Fried LP, Guralnik JM (1997) Disability in older adults: evidence regarding significance, etiology,
and risk. J Am Geriatr Soc 45:92–100
Gerberding JL (1995) Management of occupational exposures to blood-borne viruses. N Engl J
Med 332:444–451
Gershon RR, Vlahov D, Nelson KE (1990) The risk of transmission of HIV-1 through
non-percutaneous, non-sexual modes--a review. AIDS 4(7):645–650. https://doi.
org/10.1097/00002030- 199007000- 00006
Goldman LR, Smith DF, Neutra RR, Saunders LD, Pond EM, Stratton J, Waller K, Jackson RJ,
Kizer KW (1990) Pesticide food poisoning from contaminated watermelons in California,
1985. Arch Environ Health 45(4):229–236
Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune MN, Neira M, van den Berg M, Norman RE (2013) Health
consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health 1(6):e350–
ee36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214- 109X(13)70101- 3
Herman A, Frank AB, Colin B, Bas JB, Alan B, Herrmann B, Christopher JB, Wolfgang D, Daniel
D, Jose LD, Gio BG, Helmut G, Jan H, Sam K, Hans M, Olavi P, Kai S, Pat H, Nico PV (2020)
Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible
as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? J Toxic Environ Health A 83:13–14, 485–494. https://doi.org/10.
1080/15287394.2020.1756592
Hinchcliffe R (2002) Review: global perspective of noise-induced hearing loss as exemplified by
Nigeria. J Audiolog Med 11(1):1–24
Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Moore HJ, Douthwaite W, Skeaff CM, Summerbell CD (2012) Effect of
reducing total fat intake on body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised
controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 345:e7666
IARC (2019) Agents classified by The IARC monographs, Volumes 1–123 https://monographs.
iarc.fr/agents- classified- by- the- iarc/. Accessed on 19 March 2019
Izah SC, Aigberua AO (2020) Microbial and heavy metal hazard analysis of edible tomatoes
(Lycopersicon esculentum) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Toxicol Environ Health Sci. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s13530- 020- 00060- 8
Joe A (2010) Kerala endosulfan victims allege ‘state terrorism’, Economic times, Nov 23, 2010,
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics- and- nation/kerala- endosulfan- victimsallege- state- terrorism/articleshow/6976895.cms. Accessed on 12 March 2019
Johnson GJ (2004) The environment and the eye. Eye (Lond) 18(12):1235–1250
Katarzyna KBLRJS (2007) Interactions between nutrition and environmental exposures: effects on
health outcomes in women and children. J Nutr 137(12):2794–2797. https://doi.org/10.1093/
jn/137.12.2794
Koukouli S, Vlachonikolis IG, Philalithis A (2002) Socio-demographic factors and self-reported
functional status: the significance of social support. BMC Health Serv Res 2:20
Küster A, Adler N (2014) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: scientific evidence of risks and
its regulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 369(1656):20130587. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0587
Langford NJ, Ferner RE (2002) Episodes of environmental poisoning worldwide. Occup Environ
Med 59:855–860
Lawson A, Fiona LRW (1994) Armadale: a case-study in environmental epidemiology. J R Stat
Soc Series A (Stat Soc) 157(2):285–298. https://doi.org/10.2307/2983363
Lee H, Lee Y (2020) Environmental pollution from heavy metals in soil and stream near an
abandoned mine in Korea. Toxicol Environ Health Sci 12:137–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13530- 020- 00050- w
5 Introduction to Medical Sciences
Frérot M, Lefebvre A, Aho S, Callier P, Astruc K, AhoGlélé LS (2018) What is epidemiology?
Changing definitions of epidemiology 1978-2017. PLoS One 13(12):e0208442. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208442
Fried LP, Guralnik JM (1997) Disability in older adults: evidence regarding significance, etiology,
and risk. J Am Geriatr Soc 45:92–100
Gerberding JL (1995) Management of occupational exposures to blood-borne viruses. N Engl J
Med 332:444–451
Gershon RR, Vlahov D, Nelson KE (1990) The risk of transmission of HIV-1 through
non-percutaneous, non-sexual modes--a review. AIDS 4(7):645–650. https://doi.
org/10.1097/00002030- 199007000- 00006
Goldman LR, Smith DF, Neutra RR, Saunders LD, Pond EM, Stratton J, Waller K, Jackson RJ,
Kizer KW (1990) Pesticide food poisoning from contaminated watermelons in California,
1985. Arch Environ Health 45(4):229–236
Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune MN, Neira M, van den Berg M, Norman RE (2013) Health
consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health 1(6):e350–
ee36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214- 109X(13)70101- 3
Herman A, Frank AB, Colin B, Bas JB, Alan B, Herrmann B, Christopher JB, Wolfgang D, Daniel
D, Jose LD, Gio BG, Helmut G, Jan H, Sam K, Hans M, Olavi P, Kai S, Pat H, Nico PV (2020)
Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible
as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? J Toxic Environ Health A 83:13–14, 485–494. https://doi.org/10.
1080/15287394.2020.1756592
Hinchcliffe R (2002) Review: global perspective of noise-induced hearing loss as exemplified by
Nigeria. J Audiolog Med 11(1):1–24
Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Moore HJ, Douthwaite W, Skeaff CM, Summerbell CD (2012) Effect of
reducing total fat intake on body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised
controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 345:e7666
IARC (2019) Agents classified by The IARC monographs, Volumes 1–123 https://monographs.
iarc.fr/agents- classified- by- the- iarc/. Accessed on 19 March 2019
Izah SC, Aigberua AO (2020) Microbial and heavy metal hazard analysis of edible tomatoes
(Lycopersicon esculentum) in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Toxicol Environ Health Sci. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s13530- 020- 00060- 8
Joe A (2010) Kerala endosulfan victims allege ‘state terrorism’, Economic times, Nov 23, 2010,
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics- and- nation/kerala- endosulfan- victimsallege- state- terrorism/articleshow/6976895.cms. Accessed on 12 March 2019
Johnson GJ (2004) The environment and the eye. Eye (Lond) 18(12):1235–1250
Katarzyna KBLRJS (2007) Interactions between nutrition and environmental exposures: effects on
health outcomes in women and children. J Nutr 137(12):2794–2797. https://doi.org/10.1093/
jn/137.12.2794
Koukouli S, Vlachonikolis IG, Philalithis A (2002) Socio-demographic factors and self-reported
functional status: the significance of social support. BMC Health Serv Res 2:20
Küster A, Adler N (2014) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: scientific evidence of risks and
its regulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 369(1656):20130587. https://doi.
org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0587
Langford NJ, Ferner RE (2002) Episodes of environmental poisoning worldwide. Occup Environ
Med 59:855–860
Lawson A, Fiona LRW (1994) Armadale: a case-study in environmental epidemiology. J R Stat
Soc Series A (Stat Soc) 157(2):285–298. https://doi.org/10.2307/2983363
Lee H, Lee Y (2020) Environmental pollution from heavy metals in soil and stream near an
abandoned mine in Korea. Toxicol Environ Health Sci 12:137–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13530- 020- 00050- w
5 Introduction to Medical Sciences