202
5.20 Oncology
Oncology is a medical specialization that deals with on the prevention, diagnosis, as
well as treatment of cancer. Cancer is caused by an array of physical, chemical, and
biological agents present in the environment.
As on March 2019, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has
grouped 120 agents in Group 1 (Carcinogenic to humans), 82 agents in Group 2A
(probably carcinogenic to humans), Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans),
and 500 agents Group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans)
(IARC 2019).
5.21 Hematology
Hematology (or hematology) is a medical specialization concerned with the study
of diseases related to blood which includes problems with the blood cells, platelets,
spleen, bone marrow, blood vessels, lymph nodes, as well as the proteins involved
in bleeding/clotting. Blood infection or Sepsis can occur due to entry of infecting
agent in environment to blood.
Many environmental factors including ambient air pollutants, cold temperature,
loud noises, and high altitude can considerably increase arterial blood pressure
increasing cardiovascular risk at the global level (Brook 2017).
Air pollution is linked with increase in hospitalization and deaths for cardiovascular disease among the older people (Seaton et al. 1999).
Box 5.9 Cross Contamination of Water System and Gastroenteritis
Routine maintenance work at the wastewater treatment plant in Nokia on 28
November 2007 leads to cross-connection between the town tap wastewater
effluent and water lines. The cross contamination resulted in entry of about
450 m
3
of wastewater into the tap water network. The entry of wastewater
resulted in microbial contamination of water supplied to about a third of the
town’s population leading to sharp rise in the patients with gastroenteritis. A
total of 1222 visits to Nokia health center were reported during the outbreak
period, 28 November to 31 December 2007. The boil-water notice issued after
outbreak. In the course of the use restrictions, provision for drinking water
was made by volunteers, the military, and municipal officers.
The boil-water notice issued after outbreak was withdrawn from the noncontaminated area after 12 days. The contaminated area of Nokia was still
contaminated with revealed pathogens in spite of network disinfection of
water supply network. After procedures, usage restrictions were withdrawn in
the contaminated area 82 days after initial event.
5 Introduction to Medical Sciences
5.20 Oncology
Oncology is a medical specialization that deals with on the prevention, diagnosis, as
well as treatment of cancer. Cancer is caused by an array of physical, chemical, and
biological agents present in the environment.
As on March 2019, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has
grouped 120 agents in Group 1 (Carcinogenic to humans), 82 agents in Group 2A
(probably carcinogenic to humans), Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans),
and 500 agents Group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans)
(IARC 2019).
5.21 Hematology
Hematology (or hematology) is a medical specialization concerned with the study
of diseases related to blood which includes problems with the blood cells, platelets,
spleen, bone marrow, blood vessels, lymph nodes, as well as the proteins involved
in bleeding/clotting. Blood infection or Sepsis can occur due to entry of infecting
agent in environment to blood.
Many environmental factors including ambient air pollutants, cold temperature,
loud noises, and high altitude can considerably increase arterial blood pressure
increasing cardiovascular risk at the global level (Brook 2017).
Air pollution is linked with increase in hospitalization and deaths for cardiovascular disease among the older people (Seaton et al. 1999).
Box 5.9 Cross Contamination of Water System and Gastroenteritis
Routine maintenance work at the wastewater treatment plant in Nokia on 28
November 2007 leads to cross-connection between the town tap wastewater
effluent and water lines. The cross contamination resulted in entry of about
450 m
3
of wastewater into the tap water network. The entry of wastewater
resulted in microbial contamination of water supplied to about a third of the
town’s population leading to sharp rise in the patients with gastroenteritis. A
total of 1222 visits to Nokia health center were reported during the outbreak
period, 28 November to 31 December 2007. The boil-water notice issued after
outbreak. In the course of the use restrictions, provision for drinking water
was made by volunteers, the military, and municipal officers.
The boil-water notice issued after outbreak was withdrawn from the noncontaminated area after 12 days. The contaminated area of Nokia was still
contaminated with revealed pathogens in spite of network disinfection of
water supply network. After procedures, usage restrictions were withdrawn in
the contaminated area 82 days after initial event.
5 Introduction to Medical Sciences