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• Somebody who is consuming products manufactured by water pumped from
polluted water body
Alteration of water body can lead to the following:
• Reservoir-induced seismicity
• Floods
• Increase in vector population
• Wildlife migration to human habitats
• Shortage of water for drinking and crops, thereby affecting food supply to
humans
5.6 Pharmacology
Medicines have a significant role in the prevention and treatment of disease in animals and humans. Medicines may also have unintentional effects on the environment. Pharmacology is a specialization of medical science that is concerned with
the uses, effects as well as modes of action of medicines. Environmental pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology that is concerned with the entry of drugs into the
environment after they are excreted by humans and animals in post-therapy.
Even though the side effects on human as well as animal health are generally
investigated in toxicology and safety studies, the environmental impacts of the manufacture as well as use of pharmaceuticals are less understood. Some medicines can
affect animals and bacteria below the concentrations that are typically used in efficacy and safety tests. Further breakdown products as well as the combination of
other biologically active chemicals may have unexpected effects on the environment (Boxall 2004).
About more than half of all medicines prescribed, sold, or dispensed inappropriately result in adverse impact on health, and nearly half of all patients do not take
them as directed resulting in resources waste and adverse impact on health, wildlife,
and ecosystems (Felicity 2017). The medicines have been found in varied concentration in surface water, ground water sewage treatment plant effluents as well as
drinking water.
Pharmaceutical waste is affecting the nature negatively, as disused medicines are
not discarded and/or disposed appropriately (Stal-Timins et al. 2013; European
Environment Agency EEA) 2010). A global review reported that 631 out of 713
pharmaceuticals tested were observed greater than their detection limits in the environment (aus der Beek et al. 2016). As per Scheytt et al. (2006) up to 16,000 tons of
medicines were disposed of every year from human medical care with 60–80% of
these drugs placed in normal household waste or flushed down the toilet. Studies
published indicate that about 10% of pharmaceutical products were of potential
environmental risk in Germany (Küster and Adler 2014).
5.8 Community Medicine
• Somebody who is consuming products manufactured by water pumped from
polluted water body
Alteration of water body can lead to the following:
• Reservoir-induced seismicity
• Floods
• Increase in vector population
• Wildlife migration to human habitats
• Shortage of water for drinking and crops, thereby affecting food supply to
humans
5.6 Pharmacology
Medicines have a significant role in the prevention and treatment of disease in animals and humans. Medicines may also have unintentional effects on the environment. Pharmacology is a specialization of medical science that is concerned with
the uses, effects as well as modes of action of medicines. Environmental pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology that is concerned with the entry of drugs into the
environment after they are excreted by humans and animals in post-therapy.
Even though the side effects on human as well as animal health are generally
investigated in toxicology and safety studies, the environmental impacts of the manufacture as well as use of pharmaceuticals are less understood. Some medicines can
affect animals and bacteria below the concentrations that are typically used in efficacy and safety tests. Further breakdown products as well as the combination of
other biologically active chemicals may have unexpected effects on the environment (Boxall 2004).
About more than half of all medicines prescribed, sold, or dispensed inappropriately result in adverse impact on health, and nearly half of all patients do not take
them as directed resulting in resources waste and adverse impact on health, wildlife,
and ecosystems (Felicity 2017). The medicines have been found in varied concentration in surface water, ground water sewage treatment plant effluents as well as
drinking water.
Pharmaceutical waste is affecting the nature negatively, as disused medicines are
not discarded and/or disposed appropriately (Stal-Timins et al. 2013; European
Environment Agency EEA) 2010). A global review reported that 631 out of 713
pharmaceuticals tested were observed greater than their detection limits in the environment (aus der Beek et al. 2016). As per Scheytt et al. (2006) up to 16,000 tons of
medicines were disposed of every year from human medical care with 60–80% of
these drugs placed in normal household waste or flushed down the toilet. Studies
published indicate that about 10% of pharmaceutical products were of potential
environmental risk in Germany (Küster and Adler 2014).
5.8 Community Medicine