113
porate new innovations. The list of disease classification for the year 2018 adopted
by the World Organisation for Animal Health (2019) is given in Table 3.7. For the
year 2019, the list includes 117 animal diseases, infections, and infestations.
Disease classifications in the humans are elaborate and well researched, which
includes psychological disorder, injury, poisoning, or certain other consequences of
external causes; the classification of diseases with respect to humans is based on
organs while classification of animal diseases is based on species.
The negative effects linked with animal husbandry include risk of zoonosis,
food-borne diseases, development of antimicrobial resistance, as well as chronic
diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes due to excessive consumption of saturated animal fat (EMPRI 2018).
3.4.1 Zoonosis
A zoonosis is a disease that is naturally contagious from vertebrate animals to
humans. Zoonosis comprises a hefty percentage of all infectious diseases. Crosssectoral collaboration is essential for the human–animal–environment interface as
well as improving global health security. Some of the common zoonosis, main reservoir of causative agents, and usual modes of transmission to humans are given in
Table 3.8.
Human diseases that are newly discovered or those that are increasing either in
geographical range or incidences are referred as emerging infectious diseases
(EIDs). EIDs have accelerated to more than 300 distinct diseases recorded since the
middle of last century with more than 35 new EIDs emerging since 1980 (Kurpiers
et al. 2016; Lederberg et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2008), out of which more than 75%
of human EIDs are of zoonotic origin (Taylor et al. 2001; Jones et al. 2008; Karesh
and Noble 2009). Many of the EIDs (71.8%) begin from wildlife species (Jones
et al. 2008), even though several zoonotic pathogen spillovers originate in domestic
animals.
Even though movement of pathogens between wild animals and humans usually
occurs with sylvatic (Jungle) disease cycles (Fig. 3.11), since domestic animals live
in close proximity to wildlife in numerous nations they result in the transmission of
pathogen from wildlife to domestic animal to human (Fig. 3.12). Examples of wildlife to domestic animal to human transmission include Henipah viruses and rabies
infections (Childs et al. 2007; Daszak et al. 2007).
Diseases can also spread further from humans to humans through animal host in
urban/rural setup (Fig. 3.13). Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between humans
and animal hosts in many ways that include the following:
(a) Shared vectors, such as mosquitoes for malaria
(b) Indirect contact, such as exposure to feces of rodent
(c) Direct contact, through animal bites, tissues, consumption, scratches, body fluids, and excrement (Wolfe et al. 2005)
3.4 Interrelation Between Environment and Human/Animal Health
porate new innovations. The list of disease classification for the year 2018 adopted
by the World Organisation for Animal Health (2019) is given in Table 3.7. For the
year 2019, the list includes 117 animal diseases, infections, and infestations.
Disease classifications in the humans are elaborate and well researched, which
includes psychological disorder, injury, poisoning, or certain other consequences of
external causes; the classification of diseases with respect to humans is based on
organs while classification of animal diseases is based on species.
The negative effects linked with animal husbandry include risk of zoonosis,
food-borne diseases, development of antimicrobial resistance, as well as chronic
diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes due to excessive consumption of saturated animal fat (EMPRI 2018).
3.4.1 Zoonosis
A zoonosis is a disease that is naturally contagious from vertebrate animals to
humans. Zoonosis comprises a hefty percentage of all infectious diseases. Crosssectoral collaboration is essential for the human–animal–environment interface as
well as improving global health security. Some of the common zoonosis, main reservoir of causative agents, and usual modes of transmission to humans are given in
Table 3.8.
Human diseases that are newly discovered or those that are increasing either in
geographical range or incidences are referred as emerging infectious diseases
(EIDs). EIDs have accelerated to more than 300 distinct diseases recorded since the
middle of last century with more than 35 new EIDs emerging since 1980 (Kurpiers
et al. 2016; Lederberg et al. 2003; Jones et al. 2008), out of which more than 75%
of human EIDs are of zoonotic origin (Taylor et al. 2001; Jones et al. 2008; Karesh
and Noble 2009). Many of the EIDs (71.8%) begin from wildlife species (Jones
et al. 2008), even though several zoonotic pathogen spillovers originate in domestic
animals.
Even though movement of pathogens between wild animals and humans usually
occurs with sylvatic (Jungle) disease cycles (Fig. 3.11), since domestic animals live
in close proximity to wildlife in numerous nations they result in the transmission of
pathogen from wildlife to domestic animal to human (Fig. 3.12). Examples of wildlife to domestic animal to human transmission include Henipah viruses and rabies
infections (Childs et al. 2007; Daszak et al. 2007).
Diseases can also spread further from humans to humans through animal host in
urban/rural setup (Fig. 3.13). Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between humans
and animal hosts in many ways that include the following:
(a) Shared vectors, such as mosquitoes for malaria
(b) Indirect contact, such as exposure to feces of rodent
(c) Direct contact, through animal bites, tissues, consumption, scratches, body fluids, and excrement (Wolfe et al. 2005)
3.4 Interrelation Between Environment and Human/Animal Health