91
2.9.4 Survival in Cold Climates
Metabolic rate decreases with age and hence energy cannot be generated as fast as
it is dissipated. Hypothermia, a dangerous drop in human body temperature below
35°, can be serious if not treated immediately. Respiratory epidemics, direct hemodynamic responses to cold, poor indoor air quality, and sudden exertion (expenditure of energy) likely contribute to cold-related mortality (Gronlund et al. 2018).
Under normal conditions, human body readjusts in the temperature range of
37–35 °C. When the body’s temperature decreases, the body produces the extra
energy to compensate. Below 35 °C, the human body cannot produce sufficient
energy as fast as temperature is being lost.
2.9.5 Survival in Hot Climates
Thermal energy from human body is displaced due to radiation, convection, conduction, respiration, and evaporation of sweat by skin. Long-term augment in temperature variability may amplify the risk of mortality in various subgroups of
vulnerable older populations (Zanobetti et al. 2012).
Transfer of energy from the environment into the human body without dissipating mechanism leads to increase in the body’s temperature, and thus to heat stress,
which could further lead to heat stroke and death. This is brought to steady state by
perspiration.
Energy from the body would vaporize sweat resulting in cooling effect.
Heat exposure leads to the following abnormalities:
• Heat edema: swelling of human body in those who are unaccustomed to working
in hot surroundings
• Heat rashes: development of tiny red spots on the skin with prickling sensation
• Heat cramps: sharp pains in the muscles
• Heat exhaustion: excessive sweating
• Heat syncope: heat-induced dizziness besides fainting
• Heat stroke: partial loss of consciousness
References
Ageyama N et al (2001) Specific gravity of whole blood in cynomolgus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and tamarins. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40(3):33–35
Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, Brink M, Clark C, Janssen S, Stansfeld S (2014) Auditory and
non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet 383(9925):1325–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140- 6736(13)61613- X
Bhalse D, Kame R, Malviya P, Sharma P, Mishra A (2016) A review paper of the laws of thermodynamics to apply the human bodies. Int J Sci Res Multidiscip Stud 2(8):1–4
References
2.9.4 Survival in Cold Climates
Metabolic rate decreases with age and hence energy cannot be generated as fast as
it is dissipated. Hypothermia, a dangerous drop in human body temperature below
35°, can be serious if not treated immediately. Respiratory epidemics, direct hemodynamic responses to cold, poor indoor air quality, and sudden exertion (expenditure of energy) likely contribute to cold-related mortality (Gronlund et al. 2018).
Under normal conditions, human body readjusts in the temperature range of
37–35 °C. When the body’s temperature decreases, the body produces the extra
energy to compensate. Below 35 °C, the human body cannot produce sufficient
energy as fast as temperature is being lost.
2.9.5 Survival in Hot Climates
Thermal energy from human body is displaced due to radiation, convection, conduction, respiration, and evaporation of sweat by skin. Long-term augment in temperature variability may amplify the risk of mortality in various subgroups of
vulnerable older populations (Zanobetti et al. 2012).
Transfer of energy from the environment into the human body without dissipating mechanism leads to increase in the body’s temperature, and thus to heat stress,
which could further lead to heat stroke and death. This is brought to steady state by
perspiration.
Energy from the body would vaporize sweat resulting in cooling effect.
Heat exposure leads to the following abnormalities:
• Heat edema: swelling of human body in those who are unaccustomed to working
in hot surroundings
• Heat rashes: development of tiny red spots on the skin with prickling sensation
• Heat cramps: sharp pains in the muscles
• Heat exhaustion: excessive sweating
• Heat syncope: heat-induced dizziness besides fainting
• Heat stroke: partial loss of consciousness
References
Ageyama N et al (2001) Specific gravity of whole blood in cynomolgus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and tamarins. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40(3):33–35
Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, Brink M, Clark C, Janssen S, Stansfeld S (2014) Auditory and
non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet 383(9925):1325–1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140- 6736(13)61613- X
Bhalse D, Kame R, Malviya P, Sharma P, Mishra A (2016) A review paper of the laws of thermodynamics to apply the human bodies. Int J Sci Res Multidiscip Stud 2(8):1–4
References