Contents
ix
5 Corrosion of Polymer (Plastic) Materials .............................................. 157
5.1 Radiation ............................................................................................ 158
5.2 Permeation ......................................................................................... 159
5.3 Absorption ......................................................................................... 163
5.4 Thermoplasts (Thermoplastic Polymers) ....................................... 166
5.5 Thermoset Polymers ......................................................................... 167
5.6 Environmental Cracking .................................................................. 169
6 Corrosion of Linings .................................................................................. 171
6.1 Liquid Applied Linings .................................................................... 172
6.1.1 Design of the Vessel ............................................................. 172
6.1.2 Lining Selection ................................................................... 176
6.1.3 Lining Application ............................................................... 181
6.1.4 Cure of the Applied Lining ................................................ 182
6.1.5 Causes of Coating Failure ................................................... 182
6.2 Sheet Linings ..................................................................................... 183
6.2.1 Shell Design .......................................................................... 184
6.2.2 Considerations in Liner Selection ...................................... 185
6.2.2.1 Bonded Linings .................................................... 186
6.2.2.2 Unbonded Linings ............................................... 187
6.2.3 Design Considerations ........................................................ 188
6.2.3.1 Permeation ............................................................. 188
6.2.3.2 Absorption............................................................. 190
6.2.4 Inspection of the Lining ...................................................... 191
6.2.5 Causes of Lining Failure ..................................................... 192
6.2.5.1 Liner Selection ...................................................... 192
6.2.5.2 Inadequate Surface Preparation ......................... 192
6.2.5.3 Thermal Stresses .................................................. 192
6.2.5.4 Permeation ............................................................. 192
6.2.5.5 Absorption............................................................. 193
6.2.5.6 Welding Flaws ...................................................... 193
6.2.5.7 Debonding ............................................................. 193
6.2.5.8 Operation ............................................................... 193
6.2.5.9 Environmental Stress Cracking ......................... 193
6.3 Elastomeric Linings .......................................................................... 194
7 Corrosion of Paint ....................................................................................... 197
7.1 Mechanisms of Protection ............................................................... 198
7.2 Composition of Paint ........................................................................ 200
7.2.1 Binder..................................................................................... 200
7.2.2 Pigments ................................................................................ 201
7.2.3 Solvents .................................................................................. 202
7.2.4 Additives ............................................................................... 204
7.2.5 Fillers (Extenders) ................................................................ 206
7.3 Causes of Bond and Coating Failures ............................................ 206