than in other municipalities. This implies that Jakarta’s urban sprawl is not homogenous and causes differing problems in differing regions because the diversity of
physical forms is correlated with the population’s lifestyle. The surrounding municipalities with a larger proportion of the regular form type, such as Tangerang and
South Tangerang Cities, cause a proportionally higher environmental burden as it
attracts middle- to high-class citizens who can afford to consume more energy.
These citizens also have higher rates of car dependency due to its relatively large
distance from the city center and fewer public transportation options (Permana et al.
2008).
On the other hand, both of the urban village type and the rural type, known as
kampungs, are more likely to face economic and social issues such as poverty and
disparity instead of high energy consumption issues. Since our classification method
determines that these two types account for more than half of Jakarta’s residential
areas, it should be considered essential for Jakarta’s urban policy to address issues
that these two types face. Moreover, we have revealed that more than half of
kampungs are historical residential areas originating from indigenous settlements
during the Dutch colonial period. These historical kampungs have likely maintained
stronger social solidarity and played the role of a social safety nets through mutual
aid. The recent redevelopment of kampungs has aimed to reduce the flood risk or
improve the living environment (Sari et al. 2018), but this development will remove
the benefits of kampungs as well as their risks and increase environmental burden of
new building construction. Therefore, governments should implement urban policies
based on the diversity of the residential landscape. Our classification method will
contribute to promote this process and achieve sustainable development in
megacities.
4.6 Conclusions
Megacities have vast residential areas to accommodate their huge populations;
however, these residential areas are not homogeneous. The different socio-economic
statuses of people create different housing conditions, and different land prices and
regulations result in different conditions for the buildings that can be built in each
district. A diversity of residential landscapes, reflecting these conditions, is formed
within megacities.
This chapter proposed a method to describe the distribution of residential types
across an entire city by considering this diversity. In developed countries, where
detailed data on buildings, infrastructure, land use, and demographics are available,
it is possible to classify residential areas’ characteristics using a metric model that
utilizes these data. However, such a classification is not easy in emerging and
developing countries. Therefore, to ensure its applicability to cities worldwide, we
proposed a classification method using four physical indicators that can be visually
identified from satellite images. The indicators are (1) ratio of the area of green
62
K. Hayashi et al.
physical forms is correlated with the population’s lifestyle. The surrounding municipalities with a larger proportion of the regular form type, such as Tangerang and
South Tangerang Cities, cause a proportionally higher environmental burden as it
attracts middle- to high-class citizens who can afford to consume more energy.
These citizens also have higher rates of car dependency due to its relatively large
distance from the city center and fewer public transportation options (Permana et al.
2008).
On the other hand, both of the urban village type and the rural type, known as
kampungs, are more likely to face economic and social issues such as poverty and
disparity instead of high energy consumption issues. Since our classification method
determines that these two types account for more than half of Jakarta’s residential
areas, it should be considered essential for Jakarta’s urban policy to address issues
that these two types face. Moreover, we have revealed that more than half of
kampungs are historical residential areas originating from indigenous settlements
during the Dutch colonial period. These historical kampungs have likely maintained
stronger social solidarity and played the role of a social safety nets through mutual
aid. The recent redevelopment of kampungs has aimed to reduce the flood risk or
improve the living environment (Sari et al. 2018), but this development will remove
the benefits of kampungs as well as their risks and increase environmental burden of
new building construction. Therefore, governments should implement urban policies
based on the diversity of the residential landscape. Our classification method will
contribute to promote this process and achieve sustainable development in
megacities.
4.6 Conclusions
Megacities have vast residential areas to accommodate their huge populations;
however, these residential areas are not homogeneous. The different socio-economic
statuses of people create different housing conditions, and different land prices and
regulations result in different conditions for the buildings that can be built in each
district. A diversity of residential landscapes, reflecting these conditions, is formed
within megacities.
This chapter proposed a method to describe the distribution of residential types
across an entire city by considering this diversity. In developed countries, where
detailed data on buildings, infrastructure, land use, and demographics are available,
it is possible to classify residential areas’ characteristics using a metric model that
utilizes these data. However, such a classification is not easy in emerging and
developing countries. Therefore, to ensure its applicability to cities worldwide, we
proposed a classification method using four physical indicators that can be visually
identified from satellite images. The indicators are (1) ratio of the area of green
62
K. Hayashi et al.