the European cities have achieved a high degree of balance among their various
urban functions.
(e) GDP and Environment
As well as the nine indicators under Environment, three GDP-related indicators were chosen for examination, regarding their relationship with the average
score for Environment.
First, a comparison between Nominal GDP and the average scores for the
Environment indicators reveals that there is no significant correlation between
the two variables (correlation coefficient ¼ 0.0803). Second, there is a weak
positive correlation between the score for GDP per Capita and the average score
for the Environment indicators (correlation coefficient ¼ 0.4068). The
established European cities with high GDP per Capita scores tend to show
high average scores for Environment. The emergent cities with low GDP per
Capita scores tend to show low average scores for Environment. Third, there is a
very subtle negative correlation between the score for GDP Growth and average
score for Environment indicators (correlation coefficient ¼ À0.2779). The
established European cities with high average scores for Environment tend to
show low GDP Growth scores. The emergent cities in Asia with low average
scores for Environment tend to show high GDP Growth scores.
This finding suggests that the scores of Nominal GDP, GDP per Capita, and
GDP Growth reflect the scale, quality, and status of the city’s economic development and are differently related to the measured state of the city’s
environment.
References
Clark, G & Moonen, T. (2013). What do 150 indexes and benchmarking studies tell us about the
urban world in 2013? The Business of Cities.
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2014). Hot spots: Benchmarking Global City competitiveness.
Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/home_articles/n_eiu.
htm
Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial Foundation (IUS-MMF). (2013). Global power
city index yearbook 2013. London: Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial
Foundation.
Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial Foundation (IUS-MMF). (2014). Global power
city index yearbook 2013. London: Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial
Foundation.
Kearney, A. T. (2012). Global cities index and emerging cities outlook. Retrieved June 6, 2014,
from http://www.atkearney.com/ja/research-studies/global-cities-index
Knight Frank. (2014). The wealth report 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http://www.
thewealthreport.net/
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). (2014). Cities of opportunity 6. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from
http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/index.jhtml
224
H. Ichikawa and K. Sasaki
urban functions.
(e) GDP and Environment
As well as the nine indicators under Environment, three GDP-related indicators were chosen for examination, regarding their relationship with the average
score for Environment.
First, a comparison between Nominal GDP and the average scores for the
Environment indicators reveals that there is no significant correlation between
the two variables (correlation coefficient ¼ 0.0803). Second, there is a weak
positive correlation between the score for GDP per Capita and the average score
for the Environment indicators (correlation coefficient ¼ 0.4068). The
established European cities with high GDP per Capita scores tend to show
high average scores for Environment. The emergent cities with low GDP per
Capita scores tend to show low average scores for Environment. Third, there is a
very subtle negative correlation between the score for GDP Growth and average
score for Environment indicators (correlation coefficient ¼ À0.2779). The
established European cities with high average scores for Environment tend to
show low GDP Growth scores. The emergent cities in Asia with low average
scores for Environment tend to show high GDP Growth scores.
This finding suggests that the scores of Nominal GDP, GDP per Capita, and
GDP Growth reflect the scale, quality, and status of the city’s economic development and are differently related to the measured state of the city’s
environment.
References
Clark, G & Moonen, T. (2013). What do 150 indexes and benchmarking studies tell us about the
urban world in 2013? The Business of Cities.
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2014). Hot spots: Benchmarking Global City competitiveness.
Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/home_articles/n_eiu.
htm
Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial Foundation (IUS-MMF). (2013). Global power
city index yearbook 2013. London: Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial
Foundation.
Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial Foundation (IUS-MMF). (2014). Global power
city index yearbook 2013. London: Institute for Urban Strategies, the Mori Memorial
Foundation.
Kearney, A. T. (2012). Global cities index and emerging cities outlook. Retrieved June 6, 2014,
from http://www.atkearney.com/ja/research-studies/global-cities-index
Knight Frank. (2014). The wealth report 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http://www.
thewealthreport.net/
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). (2014). Cities of opportunity 6. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from
http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/index.jhtml
224
H. Ichikawa and K. Sasaki