the highlands of Weltevreden. It is significant that these colonial cities featured
residential areas that reflected the local indigenous standards. New towns with
indigenous designs were constructed in Kolkata and Mumbai for indigenous
workers’ residences. Other historical cities that had possessed traditional urban
forms prior to 1800 added new British-constructed facilities; for example, roadways were constructed in Cairo (1840), railways in Delhi (1864), and a racecourse in Dhaka (the Ramna Racecourse, 1825). New residential areas for foreign
residents were added to these cities. The Europeans usually lived in the sparsely
populated, planned urban areas, and indigenous peoples and foreigners from
other countries lived in densely populated, irregularly arranged urban areas.
After the First Opium War (1839–42), settlements were established in Shanghai by Britain (1843), the USA (1848), and France (1849). Japan opened its ports
to international trade in 1853, and the city of Edo changed its name to Tokyo and
became the capital of the Empire of Japan. In 1872, British civil engineer Thomas
James Waters supervised the rebuilding of Tokyo’s Ginza district, with broad
streets lined with brick buildings, and some government factories were
established by foreign advisors hired by the Meiji Government. Korea opened
its port in 1876, with the first foreigners taking up residence in Seoul in 1882. The
government in Seoul approved foreign construction and ownership of buildings
in 1893, indicating that the new European-influenced urban culture appeared
relatively late in Korea.
The second condition of industrialization occurred in Britain around 1800,
followed by New York, and later Moscow (1850) and Los Angeles (1880).
Kolkata and Mumbai industrialized in the last half of the nineteenth century
under British power, and Tokyo and Osaka did so in the last quarter of the
nineteenth century, after adopting West European techniques. Other cities did
not achieve industrialization until the twentieth century. Latin America was
particularly late to industrialize, despite being independent; its focus on primary
production meant it did not industrialize until after the Great Depression
(1929–1939). Other cities in monsoon Asia or the mid-latitude arid region that
were under colonial power did not experience industrialization prior to 1900,
although Manila, Jakarta, Delhi, and Cairo were selected as political centers, and
Shanghai, Dhaka, and Karachi as commercial ports by the colonial governments.
Seoul accepted industrialization under Japan in the early half of the twentieth
century.
3. The third condition, the development of sanitary engineering From 1900, new
approaches to urban planning appeared, such as Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City,
Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse, and Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit. These
planners embodied the concept of human control of urban development based on
adopting new technology. Most of these cities had garden city-type suburban
residential areas and multistory apartments based on prescribed development.
The famous urban planners were invited to the Asian cities; for example, Daniel
Burnham went to Manila, Patrick Geddes to Dhaka, and Edwin Lutyens to New
Delhi, and drew up vast new master plans. There were also public housing
92
N. Fukami
residential areas that reflected the local indigenous standards. New towns with
indigenous designs were constructed in Kolkata and Mumbai for indigenous
workers’ residences. Other historical cities that had possessed traditional urban
forms prior to 1800 added new British-constructed facilities; for example, roadways were constructed in Cairo (1840), railways in Delhi (1864), and a racecourse in Dhaka (the Ramna Racecourse, 1825). New residential areas for foreign
residents were added to these cities. The Europeans usually lived in the sparsely
populated, planned urban areas, and indigenous peoples and foreigners from
other countries lived in densely populated, irregularly arranged urban areas.
After the First Opium War (1839–42), settlements were established in Shanghai by Britain (1843), the USA (1848), and France (1849). Japan opened its ports
to international trade in 1853, and the city of Edo changed its name to Tokyo and
became the capital of the Empire of Japan. In 1872, British civil engineer Thomas
James Waters supervised the rebuilding of Tokyo’s Ginza district, with broad
streets lined with brick buildings, and some government factories were
established by foreign advisors hired by the Meiji Government. Korea opened
its port in 1876, with the first foreigners taking up residence in Seoul in 1882. The
government in Seoul approved foreign construction and ownership of buildings
in 1893, indicating that the new European-influenced urban culture appeared
relatively late in Korea.
The second condition of industrialization occurred in Britain around 1800,
followed by New York, and later Moscow (1850) and Los Angeles (1880).
Kolkata and Mumbai industrialized in the last half of the nineteenth century
under British power, and Tokyo and Osaka did so in the last quarter of the
nineteenth century, after adopting West European techniques. Other cities did
not achieve industrialization until the twentieth century. Latin America was
particularly late to industrialize, despite being independent; its focus on primary
production meant it did not industrialize until after the Great Depression
(1929–1939). Other cities in monsoon Asia or the mid-latitude arid region that
were under colonial power did not experience industrialization prior to 1900,
although Manila, Jakarta, Delhi, and Cairo were selected as political centers, and
Shanghai, Dhaka, and Karachi as commercial ports by the colonial governments.
Seoul accepted industrialization under Japan in the early half of the twentieth
century.
3. The third condition, the development of sanitary engineering From 1900, new
approaches to urban planning appeared, such as Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City,
Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse, and Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit. These
planners embodied the concept of human control of urban development based on
adopting new technology. Most of these cities had garden city-type suburban
residential areas and multistory apartments based on prescribed development.
The famous urban planners were invited to the Asian cities; for example, Daniel
Burnham went to Manila, Patrick Geddes to Dhaka, and Edwin Lutyens to New
Delhi, and drew up vast new master plans. There were also public housing
92
N. Fukami