158
J. Wang
had thus been another key factor of ocean policy.
49 In 1991, China held its first
National Ocean Working Conference in Beijing, which adopted the Ocean Policy
and Working Outlines of China in the 1990s.
50 It was proposed in this document
that the priority should lay on the use of the oceans and the development of marine
economy and the short term goal is to achieve the marine output value accounting
for 3% of the GDP in 2000.
51 After that the Marine Technology Policy was issued
by the National Commission on Science and Technology, which aims at strengthening marine science and technology through the guidance of national policies and
adopting new technologies for marine resources utilization and marine environment
protection.
52 In 1995, another important document—the National Marine Development Plan—was published, which put forward the policy to implement the integrated
development of land and sea, improve the comprehensive benefits of marine development and promote the synchronous development of exploitation and protection.
53
Although the protection of marine environment was an integrated part of the overall
ocean policy,
54 in this initial stage, the priority was given to the development of ocean
economy and the utilization of marine resources.
The second stage is from 1996 to 2005. In this period, the primary emphasis of
marine affairs had still been on the rational development and utilization of marine
resources.
55 However, the ocean sustainable development was incorporated and put
much emphasis in ocean policy. The key characteristic of ocean policy in this period
is to lay stress on the enforcement of marine environment policy to make it as a useful
tool for environment protection.
56 After the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the term ‘sustainable development’ gradually becomes
an international consensus and a key concept of global environmental policy. China’s
ocean strategy was influenced by this international trend, and two critical documents
were published to ensure the ocean sustainable development: China’s Ocean Agenda
49 See supra note 44, p. 147.
50 Zhenchuan Wang (ed), The Yearbook of China’s Reform and Opening up in the New Era (1991)
(in Chinese),Beijing: Chinese Democratic Legal System Press, 2014, p. 21.
51 Ibid.
52 Guojun Li, The Report of Developments of China’s Marine Science and Technology (in Chinese)
in Ninger Song and Feng Cui (eds), Report on the Development of Ocean Society of China (2015),
Beijing: Social Science Literature Press, 2015, p. 86.
53 ‘China’s Marine Industry Reform and Opening up for Forty Years’, 20 April 2018, available at
http://ocean.china.com.cn/2018-04/20/content_50918286.htm, last accessed 20 January 2020.
54 The Ocean Policy and Working Outlines of China in the 1990s requires that the government
should formulate plan for marine nature reserves, increase the number of marine nature reserves
and strengthen the protection of coral reefs, mangroves and other marine ecosystems. See Jiguang
Liu and Qing Mei, Shout for the Mangroves, Green Times, 31 March 1998, available at www.greent
imes.com/greentimepaper/html/1998-03/31/content_195981.htm, last accessed 20 January 2020.
55 Haizhu Zhang, Marine Policy Changes in the Government Work Reports: A Content Analysis of
the State Council Work Reports from 1954 to 2015 (in Chinese), Journal of Shanghai Administration
Institute, 2016, Vol. 3,p. 108.
56 See supra note 45.
J. Wang
had thus been another key factor of ocean policy.
49 In 1991, China held its first
National Ocean Working Conference in Beijing, which adopted the Ocean Policy
and Working Outlines of China in the 1990s.
50 It was proposed in this document
that the priority should lay on the use of the oceans and the development of marine
economy and the short term goal is to achieve the marine output value accounting
for 3% of the GDP in 2000.
51 After that the Marine Technology Policy was issued
by the National Commission on Science and Technology, which aims at strengthening marine science and technology through the guidance of national policies and
adopting new technologies for marine resources utilization and marine environment
protection.
52 In 1995, another important document—the National Marine Development Plan—was published, which put forward the policy to implement the integrated
development of land and sea, improve the comprehensive benefits of marine development and promote the synchronous development of exploitation and protection.
53
Although the protection of marine environment was an integrated part of the overall
ocean policy,
54 in this initial stage, the priority was given to the development of ocean
economy and the utilization of marine resources.
The second stage is from 1996 to 2005. In this period, the primary emphasis of
marine affairs had still been on the rational development and utilization of marine
resources.
55 However, the ocean sustainable development was incorporated and put
much emphasis in ocean policy. The key characteristic of ocean policy in this period
is to lay stress on the enforcement of marine environment policy to make it as a useful
tool for environment protection.
56 After the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the term ‘sustainable development’ gradually becomes
an international consensus and a key concept of global environmental policy. China’s
ocean strategy was influenced by this international trend, and two critical documents
were published to ensure the ocean sustainable development: China’s Ocean Agenda
49 See supra note 44, p. 147.
50 Zhenchuan Wang (ed), The Yearbook of China’s Reform and Opening up in the New Era (1991)
(in Chinese),Beijing: Chinese Democratic Legal System Press, 2014, p. 21.
51 Ibid.
52 Guojun Li, The Report of Developments of China’s Marine Science and Technology (in Chinese)
in Ninger Song and Feng Cui (eds), Report on the Development of Ocean Society of China (2015),
Beijing: Social Science Literature Press, 2015, p. 86.
53 ‘China’s Marine Industry Reform and Opening up for Forty Years’, 20 April 2018, available at
http://ocean.china.com.cn/2018-04/20/content_50918286.htm, last accessed 20 January 2020.
54 The Ocean Policy and Working Outlines of China in the 1990s requires that the government
should formulate plan for marine nature reserves, increase the number of marine nature reserves
and strengthen the protection of coral reefs, mangroves and other marine ecosystems. See Jiguang
Liu and Qing Mei, Shout for the Mangroves, Green Times, 31 March 1998, available at www.greent
imes.com/greentimepaper/html/1998-03/31/content_195981.htm, last accessed 20 January 2020.
55 Haizhu Zhang, Marine Policy Changes in the Government Work Reports: A Content Analysis of
the State Council Work Reports from 1954 to 2015 (in Chinese), Journal of Shanghai Administration
Institute, 2016, Vol. 3,p. 108.
56 See supra note 45.