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based on cultural perspectives. The LCIA method can be tailored toward an individualist, hierarchies, or egalitarian point of view (Huijbregts et al. 2016). The ability to tailor by location and cultural perspective, in addition to the broad range of
impact categories included, makes ReCiPe one of the most diverse LCIA methodologies. Since this chapter is focused on North American conditions, the ReCiPe
methodology is only available in SimaPro.
8.3.2.1 Eco-indicator 99
Before developing ReCiPe, PRé Sustainability had Eco-indicator 99, another LCIA
tool and methodology. Unlike ReCiPe, Eco-indicator 99 focused on endpoint
impacts (Monteiro and Freire 2012). Eco-indicator 99 takes a top-down approach
and weights damages across three endpoint impact categories: human health, ecosystem quality, and resource use. These results can then be further combined down
into one single score (Goedkoop and Spriensma 2000). Much like ReCiPe, Ecoindicator 99 includes different CFs based on the three cultural perspectives.
8.3.3 CML-IA
Also a predecessor to ReCiPe, the CML methodology, developed by the Center for
Environmental Sciences at the University of Leiden, is a widely used set of indicators for studies outside of the United States (Dassault). At the same time, it is not
commonly used in regard to studies concerning buildings (Monteiro and Freire
2012). It is based on European conditions and only features early-stage, midpoint
impacts to limit uncertainty. Originally labeled CML 2001, the CFs were most
recently updated in 2016 to the CML-IA (CML 2016). CML is one of the earliest
LCIA methods originating in the early 1990s, and it was the first midpoint-oriented
method (Curran 2012). It was extremely influential in shaping all subsequent LCIA
methods. Of the tools discussed in this chapter, CML is only an option in SolidWorks
Sustainability and SimaPro.
8.3.4 IMPACT World+
Another LCIA method that combines midpoint and endpoint impacts is the IMPACT
World+ methodology, an update to the previously published IMPACT 2002+
method (Curran 2012). The IMPact Assessment of Chemical Toxicants (IMPACT)
2002+ method borrowed and adapted some midpoint indicators from existing methods, including Eco-indicator 99 and CML (Jolliet et al. 2003). The goal of IMPACT
World+ was not only to update the classifications and characterization factors used
in the methodology but also to offer regionalized methodologies at a global scale
8 Dashboard
based on cultural perspectives. The LCIA method can be tailored toward an individualist, hierarchies, or egalitarian point of view (Huijbregts et al. 2016). The ability to tailor by location and cultural perspective, in addition to the broad range of
impact categories included, makes ReCiPe one of the most diverse LCIA methodologies. Since this chapter is focused on North American conditions, the ReCiPe
methodology is only available in SimaPro.
8.3.2.1 Eco-indicator 99
Before developing ReCiPe, PRé Sustainability had Eco-indicator 99, another LCIA
tool and methodology. Unlike ReCiPe, Eco-indicator 99 focused on endpoint
impacts (Monteiro and Freire 2012). Eco-indicator 99 takes a top-down approach
and weights damages across three endpoint impact categories: human health, ecosystem quality, and resource use. These results can then be further combined down
into one single score (Goedkoop and Spriensma 2000). Much like ReCiPe, Ecoindicator 99 includes different CFs based on the three cultural perspectives.
8.3.3 CML-IA
Also a predecessor to ReCiPe, the CML methodology, developed by the Center for
Environmental Sciences at the University of Leiden, is a widely used set of indicators for studies outside of the United States (Dassault). At the same time, it is not
commonly used in regard to studies concerning buildings (Monteiro and Freire
2012). It is based on European conditions and only features early-stage, midpoint
impacts to limit uncertainty. Originally labeled CML 2001, the CFs were most
recently updated in 2016 to the CML-IA (CML 2016). CML is one of the earliest
LCIA methods originating in the early 1990s, and it was the first midpoint-oriented
method (Curran 2012). It was extremely influential in shaping all subsequent LCIA
methods. Of the tools discussed in this chapter, CML is only an option in SolidWorks
Sustainability and SimaPro.
8.3.4 IMPACT World+
Another LCIA method that combines midpoint and endpoint impacts is the IMPACT
World+ methodology, an update to the previously published IMPACT 2002+
method (Curran 2012). The IMPact Assessment of Chemical Toxicants (IMPACT)
2002+ method borrowed and adapted some midpoint indicators from existing methods, including Eco-indicator 99 and CML (Jolliet et al. 2003). The goal of IMPACT
World+ was not only to update the classifications and characterization factors used
in the methodology but also to offer regionalized methodologies at a global scale
8 Dashboard