36
G. Benckiser
nematodes as Cephalobus pseudoparvus are important co-shapers of the soil microbial activity and diversity, but their ecosystem services are mostly ignored [20, 264].
First when the soil virus-microbe-invertebrate-plant interactions in their aquatic and
agricultural role for monoculturing farmers are reasonably recorded and understood
by them an approaching of nature’s high plant N demand adapted, food security guaranteeing productivity would achievable by monoculturing, soil tillage, N fertilization,
a regulating pesticide application, crop rotations, diverse cover crops, and a soil area
adapted keeping of animals. Organic farming as concept refuses the use of industrially produced pesticides, while precision farming employs the global position system
(GPS) and artificial consumables as nitrification inhibitors (Chap. Plant Demand
Adapted Fertilization in Organic and Precision Farming of this book). Important in
both approaches of a more ecofriendly food production approaches is the inclusion
of crop residue management, animal manure, sewage sludge and spreading of technical fixed reactive nitrogen (N) species in not plant demand surpassing amounts to
achieve tolerable greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions [203].
3 Grassland and Nature’s Virus Control Measures
About 10
8 microbes may inhabit a gram grassland rhizosphere and bulk soil and on
a green leaf area of 1–6 m
2 intensively used grass-arable land, meadows and cattle
pastures, tundra/alpine grasslands, and savanna biotopes, covering a huge area of 15,
9, 8; 16 × 10
6 km
2 of the 121 × 10
6 km
2 total terrestrial land surface respectively
(leaf area index, LAI, determined to 10 m
2 m
−2 ), about 6.4 × 10
14 microbial cells
may live [59, 112, 142, 185]. The world plant community invests around 400–800 Tg
toxin and feeding deterrent-free phloem-C, about 48% of the total annual photosynthetic activity, for stimulating the co-evoluting mutualistic virus-hosting bacteriamycorrhiza-insect- relationships, the phyllo-, rhizosphere and bulk soil metabolic
activity (Fig. 1; [112, 177, 9, 223]). Plants await from the microbial community to
receive in return fixed nitrogen and solubilized inorganic soil components. Temperate
and tropical grasslands may have a root area index (RAI) of 43 and 80 m
2 m
−2 ,
respectively, a fine root C:N:P ratio of 450:11:1, and RAI is apparently 4 to 8 times
larger than LAI [53, 59, 112]. Savannas, temperate, and tundra/alpine grasslands
can develop in dependency of the phloem-C root feed charge a total root biomass
surface of 21, 14, and 10 × 10
9 km
2 , a total fine biomass of 14.9, 13.6 and 7.7 ×
10
9 km
2 , a living fine biomass of 7.7, 8.5 and 2.3 × 10
9 Mg, a fine root length of
0.91, 1.01 and 0.06 × 10
15 km, and a live fine root surface area of 63.8, 71.2 and 4.2
× 10
7 km
2 , respectively, and the phloem flush into rhizosphere rise within minutes
the soil microbial community activity from 1 to 2% to up to 60% [26, 35, 112, 218].
With technical fixed N, sewage sludge, or animal manure fertilization similar growth
stimulation effects are achieved, a priming of the soil microbial activity. Nitrogen
acquisition in the root zone improves. Viral shunts related death rates, in average
of 1–2%, as we know from ocean and medicinal research, has for the survivors,
for example the microbial activity, a similar growth stimulating effect, and viral
G. Benckiser
nematodes as Cephalobus pseudoparvus are important co-shapers of the soil microbial activity and diversity, but their ecosystem services are mostly ignored [20, 264].
First when the soil virus-microbe-invertebrate-plant interactions in their aquatic and
agricultural role for monoculturing farmers are reasonably recorded and understood
by them an approaching of nature’s high plant N demand adapted, food security guaranteeing productivity would achievable by monoculturing, soil tillage, N fertilization,
a regulating pesticide application, crop rotations, diverse cover crops, and a soil area
adapted keeping of animals. Organic farming as concept refuses the use of industrially produced pesticides, while precision farming employs the global position system
(GPS) and artificial consumables as nitrification inhibitors (Chap. Plant Demand
Adapted Fertilization in Organic and Precision Farming of this book). Important in
both approaches of a more ecofriendly food production approaches is the inclusion
of crop residue management, animal manure, sewage sludge and spreading of technical fixed reactive nitrogen (N) species in not plant demand surpassing amounts to
achieve tolerable greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions [203].
3 Grassland and Nature’s Virus Control Measures
About 10
8 microbes may inhabit a gram grassland rhizosphere and bulk soil and on
a green leaf area of 1–6 m
2 intensively used grass-arable land, meadows and cattle
pastures, tundra/alpine grasslands, and savanna biotopes, covering a huge area of 15,
9, 8; 16 × 10
6 km
2 of the 121 × 10
6 km
2 total terrestrial land surface respectively
(leaf area index, LAI, determined to 10 m
2 m
−2 ), about 6.4 × 10
14 microbial cells
may live [59, 112, 142, 185]. The world plant community invests around 400–800 Tg
toxin and feeding deterrent-free phloem-C, about 48% of the total annual photosynthetic activity, for stimulating the co-evoluting mutualistic virus-hosting bacteriamycorrhiza-insect- relationships, the phyllo-, rhizosphere and bulk soil metabolic
activity (Fig. 1; [112, 177, 9, 223]). Plants await from the microbial community to
receive in return fixed nitrogen and solubilized inorganic soil components. Temperate
and tropical grasslands may have a root area index (RAI) of 43 and 80 m
2 m
−2 ,
respectively, a fine root C:N:P ratio of 450:11:1, and RAI is apparently 4 to 8 times
larger than LAI [53, 59, 112]. Savannas, temperate, and tundra/alpine grasslands
can develop in dependency of the phloem-C root feed charge a total root biomass
surface of 21, 14, and 10 × 10
9 km
2 , a total fine biomass of 14.9, 13.6 and 7.7 ×
10
9 km
2 , a living fine biomass of 7.7, 8.5 and 2.3 × 10
9 Mg, a fine root length of
0.91, 1.01 and 0.06 × 10
15 km, and a live fine root surface area of 63.8, 71.2 and 4.2
× 10
7 km
2 , respectively, and the phloem flush into rhizosphere rise within minutes
the soil microbial community activity from 1 to 2% to up to 60% [26, 35, 112, 218].
With technical fixed N, sewage sludge, or animal manure fertilization similar growth
stimulation effects are achieved, a priming of the soil microbial activity. Nitrogen
acquisition in the root zone improves. Viral shunts related death rates, in average
of 1–2%, as we know from ocean and medicinal research, has for the survivors,
for example the microbial activity, a similar growth stimulating effect, and viral