22
K. Ramani et al.
maintenance costs and reliable process control are particularly important to operating agencies. To save energy and resources, consideration towards the selection of process is mandatory. Therefore, to design and operate the efficient waste
treatment plant, it is necessary to have depth knowledge of each unit operations
involved in the treatment process. Several innovations are made in biological aspects
of treating the wastewater. One such process is anammox, which created a huge
breakthrough in managing the nitrogen containing wastewater. Other techniques
like SHARON, Canon and OLAND are also established to tackle the high strength
nitrogen containing wastewater. The finding of extremeophilic microbes i.e. aerobic
ammonia oxidizers have paved way for new treatment strategies. In the future the
combined process involving NO x for the conversion of nitrogen containing waste
and wastewater will improve the nitrogen removal. In the biological process, crucial
factors involved in the successful operation of treatment plant are rate kinetics,
oxygen transfer, wastewater characteristics, environmental conditions, operational
conditions, maintenance of culture and costs. On these considerations, it is well
evident that there is no single best treatment process for nitrogen containing waste
present in the municipal landfill leachate or any other kind of wastewater. The
new novel and innovative recycling opportunities for the post consumer plastics
or nitrogen containing polymers could reduce the disposal rate of complex polymers
and can conserve non-renewable resources.
References
1. Xanthos, D., Walker, T.R.: International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from singleuse plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2017). https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048
2. Adrados, A., De, M.I., Caballero, B.M., et al.: Pyrolysis of plastic packaging waste: a comparison of plastic residuals from material recovery facilities with simulated plastic waste. Waste
Manag. 32, 826–832 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.06.016
3. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R., Law, K.L.: Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci.
Adv., 25–29 (2017)
4. Singh, B., Sharma, N.: Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation. Polym. Degrad. Stab.
93(3), 561–584 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008
5. Kole, P.J., Löhr, A.J., Van Belleghem, F.G.A.J., Ragas, A.M.J.: Wear and tear of tyres: a stealthy
source of microplastics in the environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health (2017). https://
doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101265
6. Watanabe, M., Nakata, C., Wu, W., et al.: Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds
emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature. Chemosphere 68,
2063–2072 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022
7. He, Z., Li, G., Chen, J., et al.: Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile
organic compounds emitted from different plastic solid waste recycling workshops. Environ.
Int. 77, 85–94 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.004
8. Ghaffar, A., Scott, A., Scott, G.: Initiation process in the photodegradation of high impact
polystyrene. Eur. Polym. J. 12, 615–620 (1976)
9. Tyler, D.R.: Mechanistic aspects of the effects of stress on the rates of photochemical degradation reactions in polymers. J. Macromol. Sci. Polym. Rev. 44, 351–388 (2004). https://doi.
org/10.1081/MC-200033682
K. Ramani et al.
maintenance costs and reliable process control are particularly important to operating agencies. To save energy and resources, consideration towards the selection of process is mandatory. Therefore, to design and operate the efficient waste
treatment plant, it is necessary to have depth knowledge of each unit operations
involved in the treatment process. Several innovations are made in biological aspects
of treating the wastewater. One such process is anammox, which created a huge
breakthrough in managing the nitrogen containing wastewater. Other techniques
like SHARON, Canon and OLAND are also established to tackle the high strength
nitrogen containing wastewater. The finding of extremeophilic microbes i.e. aerobic
ammonia oxidizers have paved way for new treatment strategies. In the future the
combined process involving NO x for the conversion of nitrogen containing waste
and wastewater will improve the nitrogen removal. In the biological process, crucial
factors involved in the successful operation of treatment plant are rate kinetics,
oxygen transfer, wastewater characteristics, environmental conditions, operational
conditions, maintenance of culture and costs. On these considerations, it is well
evident that there is no single best treatment process for nitrogen containing waste
present in the municipal landfill leachate or any other kind of wastewater. The
new novel and innovative recycling opportunities for the post consumer plastics
or nitrogen containing polymers could reduce the disposal rate of complex polymers
and can conserve non-renewable resources.
References
1. Xanthos, D., Walker, T.R.: International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from singleuse plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): a review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. (2017). https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048
2. Adrados, A., De, M.I., Caballero, B.M., et al.: Pyrolysis of plastic packaging waste: a comparison of plastic residuals from material recovery facilities with simulated plastic waste. Waste
Manag. 32, 826–832 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.06.016
3. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R., Law, K.L.: Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci.
Adv., 25–29 (2017)
4. Singh, B., Sharma, N.: Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation. Polym. Degrad. Stab.
93(3), 561–584 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008
5. Kole, P.J., Löhr, A.J., Van Belleghem, F.G.A.J., Ragas, A.M.J.: Wear and tear of tyres: a stealthy
source of microplastics in the environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health (2017). https://
doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101265
6. Watanabe, M., Nakata, C., Wu, W., et al.: Characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds
emitted during heating of nitrogen-containing plastics at low temperature. Chemosphere 68,
2063–2072 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.022
7. He, Z., Li, G., Chen, J., et al.: Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile
organic compounds emitted from different plastic solid waste recycling workshops. Environ.
Int. 77, 85–94 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.004
8. Ghaffar, A., Scott, A., Scott, G.: Initiation process in the photodegradation of high impact
polystyrene. Eur. Polym. J. 12, 615–620 (1976)
9. Tyler, D.R.: Mechanistic aspects of the effects of stress on the rates of photochemical degradation reactions in polymers. J. Macromol. Sci. Polym. Rev. 44, 351–388 (2004). https://doi.
org/10.1081/MC-200033682