Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Wastewater …
19
during which ammonium hydroxide ions reacts to the liberation of ammonia gas
according to following equilibrium reaction:
NH 4
+
+ OH
−
→ H 2 O + NH 3 ↑
The rate of ammonia removal in this method stripping is highly dependent on pH,
because the reaction between the ammonium ion and the ammonia gas is an acid base
reaction. Therefore, the adjusting the pH of effluent to pH 11 before stripping results
in the high ammonia removal. Some of the limitations associated with ammonia
stripping are its inefficiency in cold weather, and the formation of calcium carbonate
scale in the air stripping tower [61].
4 Plastics: Future Perspectives and Challenges
The increase in discharge of plastics into environment poses adverse effects on
the ecosystem. To combat this, legislations related to development of sustainable
treatment process for plastic-waste containing wastewater and technically advanced
research and analysis for the better understanding on the insights of plastics have to
put on practice in the upcoming years.
In the present era, plastics are considered as the inseparable material in our
daily life, because of its usage in various aspects such as packages, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, electronic gadgets etc. However, the life span of plastic
in environment is a crucial factor to decide its persistent nature and vulnerability [62,
63]. The concept of green chemistry directs our approach towards the development
of next generation eco-friendly and biodegradable plastic products which brings a
major revolution in the plastics manufacturing industries. An active participation
and support from various interdisciplinary groups including industry, academia and
government organisations is well required to develop, promote and commercialize
these eco-friendly and bio-based polymer products in the society [64, 65].
4.1 Development of Sustainable Polymers
The wide usage of polymeric materials not only provides good economical benefits
to the country. In addition, it also increases the rate of non-biodegradable polymeric
waste generation associated with major environmental problems. Therefore, there is
an urgent need of developing sustainable process to address this problem using two
approaches.
(1) Plastic recycling
(2) Developing bio-based eco-friendly polymeric materials [66].
19
during which ammonium hydroxide ions reacts to the liberation of ammonia gas
according to following equilibrium reaction:
NH 4
+
+ OH
−
→ H 2 O + NH 3 ↑
The rate of ammonia removal in this method stripping is highly dependent on pH,
because the reaction between the ammonium ion and the ammonia gas is an acid base
reaction. Therefore, the adjusting the pH of effluent to pH 11 before stripping results
in the high ammonia removal. Some of the limitations associated with ammonia
stripping are its inefficiency in cold weather, and the formation of calcium carbonate
scale in the air stripping tower [61].
4 Plastics: Future Perspectives and Challenges
The increase in discharge of plastics into environment poses adverse effects on
the ecosystem. To combat this, legislations related to development of sustainable
treatment process for plastic-waste containing wastewater and technically advanced
research and analysis for the better understanding on the insights of plastics have to
put on practice in the upcoming years.
In the present era, plastics are considered as the inseparable material in our
daily life, because of its usage in various aspects such as packages, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, electronic gadgets etc. However, the life span of plastic
in environment is a crucial factor to decide its persistent nature and vulnerability [62,
63]. The concept of green chemistry directs our approach towards the development
of next generation eco-friendly and biodegradable plastic products which brings a
major revolution in the plastics manufacturing industries. An active participation
and support from various interdisciplinary groups including industry, academia and
government organisations is well required to develop, promote and commercialize
these eco-friendly and bio-based polymer products in the society [64, 65].
4.1 Development of Sustainable Polymers
The wide usage of polymeric materials not only provides good economical benefits
to the country. In addition, it also increases the rate of non-biodegradable polymeric
waste generation associated with major environmental problems. Therefore, there is
an urgent need of developing sustainable process to address this problem using two
approaches.
(1) Plastic recycling
(2) Developing bio-based eco-friendly polymeric materials [66].