265
13
Semantic Technologies for IoT
Viswanathan Vadivel and Shridevi Subramanian
VIT University
Vellore, India
13.1 Introduction
Semantic web technologies are becoming very popular and are adopted by companies
such as Google and Yahoo. Websites use Schema.org to enhance the research results.
Schema.org is a set of vocabularies called ontologies (Gruber 1995) to describe data on the
web in an unified way such as Person and Organization. Google introduces the idea of the
knowledge graph to structure and connect data with each other. Moreover, “Linked data”
is very popular to share and reuse data to build and enhance rich web applications with
CONTENTS
13.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 265
13.2 Semantic Technology ....................................................................................................... 267
13.2.1 Resource Description Framework ..................................................................... 267
13.2.1.1 RDF Data Model ................................................................................... 267
13.2.1.2 Internationalized Resource Identifier ............................................... 268
13.2.1.3 Literals ................................................................................................... 268
13.2.1.4 Blank Nodes .......................................................................................... 269
13.2.1.5 Multiple RDF Graphs .......................................................................... 269
13.2.1.6 RDF Vocabulary ................................................................................... 269
13.2.1.7 Writing RDF graphs ............................................................................ 269
13.2.2 RDF Schema .......................................................................................................... 274
13.2.3 Web Ontology Language .................................................................................... 275
13.2.3.1 OWL Language Basics ........................................................................ 275
13.2.3.2 OWL Lite Features ............................................................................... 276
13.2.3.3 Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL FULL .....278
13.3 Existing Standardizations in IoT Semantics ................................................................. 278
13.3.1 W3C SSN Ontology ............................................................................................. 279
13.3.2 Ontology Structure .............................................................................................. 280
13.3.3 IoT-Lite Ontology ................................................................................................. 283
13.4 Semantic Web Rule Language ........................................................................................ 283
13.5 Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language ................................................................. 288
13.6 Case Study ......................................................................................................................... 288
13.7 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................................... 293
References ..................................................................................................................................... 293
13
Semantic Technologies for IoT
Viswanathan Vadivel and Shridevi Subramanian
VIT University
Vellore, India
13.1 Introduction
Semantic web technologies are becoming very popular and are adopted by companies
such as Google and Yahoo. Websites use Schema.org to enhance the research results.
Schema.org is a set of vocabularies called ontologies (Gruber 1995) to describe data on the
web in an unified way such as Person and Organization. Google introduces the idea of the
knowledge graph to structure and connect data with each other. Moreover, “Linked data”
is very popular to share and reuse data to build and enhance rich web applications with
CONTENTS
13.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 265
13.2 Semantic Technology ....................................................................................................... 267
13.2.1 Resource Description Framework ..................................................................... 267
13.2.1.1 RDF Data Model ................................................................................... 267
13.2.1.2 Internationalized Resource Identifier ............................................... 268
13.2.1.3 Literals ................................................................................................... 268
13.2.1.4 Blank Nodes .......................................................................................... 269
13.2.1.5 Multiple RDF Graphs .......................................................................... 269
13.2.1.6 RDF Vocabulary ................................................................................... 269
13.2.1.7 Writing RDF graphs ............................................................................ 269
13.2.2 RDF Schema .......................................................................................................... 274
13.2.3 Web Ontology Language .................................................................................... 275
13.2.3.1 OWL Language Basics ........................................................................ 275
13.2.3.2 OWL Lite Features ............................................................................... 276
13.2.3.3 Incremental Language Description of OWL DL and OWL FULL .....278
13.3 Existing Standardizations in IoT Semantics ................................................................. 278
13.3.1 W3C SSN Ontology ............................................................................................. 279
13.3.2 Ontology Structure .............................................................................................. 280
13.3.3 IoT-Lite Ontology ................................................................................................. 283
13.4 Semantic Web Rule Language ........................................................................................ 283
13.5 Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language ................................................................. 288
13.6 Case Study ......................................................................................................................... 288
13.7 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................................... 293
References ..................................................................................................................................... 293