Livelihoods, 44, 148, 181, 215
Lobbying, 43, 60, 95, 180
M
Magdalen Islands, 44, 45
Makah, 20, 106–108, 122, 138, 182
Manatee, 59, 116
Marine Mammal Protection Act
(MMPA), 106, 110, 119, 121, 138, 160,
165, 168, 178
Marine Mammal Regulations (MMR),
149–151, 155, 187, 196
Marine protected area (MPA), 57, 72, 73, 79,
114, 144, 176, 194, 196
Memorandum of Understanding between
Environment and Climate Change
Canada and the United States
Department of the Interior for the
Conservation and Management
of Shared Polar Bear Populations,
xxv, 167
Memorandum of Understanding between the
Government of Canada, the Government
of Nunavut, and the Government of
Greenland for the Conservation and
Management of Polar Bear Populations,
xxv, 167
Memorandum of Understanding Concerning
the Conservation of the Manatee and
Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and
Macaronesia, xxv, 116
Memorandum of Understanding for the
Conservation of Cetaceans and their
Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region
and Action Plan, xxv, 112
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU),
63, 111, 112, 115–117, 136, 165–167,
170, 176
Mexico, 18, 87, 90, 120, 155
Microplastics, 54
Military, 23, 158, 178
MMPA, see Marine Mammal Protection Act
(MMPA)
MMR, see Marine Mammal Regulations
(MMR)
Moratorium (on commercial whaling), 43, 44,
50, 58, 59, 66, 92, 95, 98, 102, 109, 110,
121, 122, 180, 191
Mortality, 21, 28, 120, 144
MoU, see Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU)
MPA, see Marine protected area (MPA)
N
NAFO, see North Atlantic Fisheries
Organization (NAFO)
NAMMCO, see North Atlantic Marine
Mammal Commission (NAMMCO)
Native, 4, 10, 104, 105, 127–129, 131,
137–139, 162, 165, 168
See also Aboriginal; Indigenous
Negotiations, 5, 8, 58, 75, 99, 107, 129, 131,
132, 138, 147, 158, 159, 161–163, 165,
166, 168, 170, 195
Netherlands, The, 88, 90, 115, 121, 127, 145,
146, 204
Newfoundland, 25, 28, 31, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45,
52, 53, 86, 135, 138, 140, 151
NGOs, see Non-governmental organisations
(NGOs)
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 61,
140, 170, 183–185, 188, 191, 193
North Atlantic Fisheries Organization
(NAFO), 71
North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission
(NAMMCO), 3, 32, 67, 71, 72, 98, 181,
185, 190, 193
Norway, 1, 18, 23, 25, 27, 37, 40, 43, 49, 59,
63, 70, 72, 73, 81–83, 85–88, 93, 96, 98,
99, 102, 114, 121, 122, 127, 129, 133,
135, 138–141, 146–149, 153, 154, 157,
159–161, 163, 170, 179, 180, 190, 195,
201, 202, 204, 207, 209
O
Objection, 88, 96, 111, 114, 195, 202, 217
Observer, 2, 67, 86, 95, 120, 125, 149, 181,
185, 189, 193
Oman, 106
Opposition, 25, 46, 60, 79, 85, 94, 96, 147, 155,
158, 178, 182, 185
Orkneys, 25, 40, 143
OSPAR, see Convention for the Protection of
the Marine Environment of the NorthEast Atlantic (OSPAR)
Otters, 13, 127, 130, 131
Overexploitation, 9, 123, 130, 143, 170
Overfishing, 110
P
Pacific Oceans, 15, 20, 21, 26, 29, 119–120,
130, 137
Packwood Magnuson Amendment, 111
PBSG, see Polar Bear Specialist Group (PBSG)
Index
223
Lobbying, 43, 60, 95, 180
M
Magdalen Islands, 44, 45
Makah, 20, 106–108, 122, 138, 182
Manatee, 59, 116
Marine Mammal Protection Act
(MMPA), 106, 110, 119, 121, 138, 160,
165, 168, 178
Marine Mammal Regulations (MMR),
149–151, 155, 187, 196
Marine protected area (MPA), 57, 72, 73, 79,
114, 144, 176, 194, 196
Memorandum of Understanding between
Environment and Climate Change
Canada and the United States
Department of the Interior for the
Conservation and Management
of Shared Polar Bear Populations,
xxv, 167
Memorandum of Understanding between the
Government of Canada, the Government
of Nunavut, and the Government of
Greenland for the Conservation and
Management of Polar Bear Populations,
xxv, 167
Memorandum of Understanding Concerning
the Conservation of the Manatee and
Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and
Macaronesia, xxv, 116
Memorandum of Understanding for the
Conservation of Cetaceans and their
Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region
and Action Plan, xxv, 112
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU),
63, 111, 112, 115–117, 136, 165–167,
170, 176
Mexico, 18, 87, 90, 120, 155
Microplastics, 54
Military, 23, 158, 178
MMPA, see Marine Mammal Protection Act
(MMPA)
MMR, see Marine Mammal Regulations
(MMR)
Moratorium (on commercial whaling), 43, 44,
50, 58, 59, 66, 92, 95, 98, 102, 109, 110,
121, 122, 180, 191
Mortality, 21, 28, 120, 144
MoU, see Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU)
MPA, see Marine protected area (MPA)
N
NAFO, see North Atlantic Fisheries
Organization (NAFO)
NAMMCO, see North Atlantic Marine
Mammal Commission (NAMMCO)
Native, 4, 10, 104, 105, 127–129, 131,
137–139, 162, 165, 168
See also Aboriginal; Indigenous
Negotiations, 5, 8, 58, 75, 99, 107, 129, 131,
132, 138, 147, 158, 159, 161–163, 165,
166, 168, 170, 195
Netherlands, The, 88, 90, 115, 121, 127, 145,
146, 204
Newfoundland, 25, 28, 31, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45,
52, 53, 86, 135, 138, 140, 151
NGOs, see Non-governmental organisations
(NGOs)
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 61,
140, 170, 183–185, 188, 191, 193
North Atlantic Fisheries Organization
(NAFO), 71
North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission
(NAMMCO), 3, 32, 67, 71, 72, 98, 181,
185, 190, 193
Norway, 1, 18, 23, 25, 27, 37, 40, 43, 49, 59,
63, 70, 72, 73, 81–83, 85–88, 93, 96, 98,
99, 102, 114, 121, 122, 127, 129, 133,
135, 138–141, 146–149, 153, 154, 157,
159–161, 163, 170, 179, 180, 190, 195,
201, 202, 204, 207, 209
O
Objection, 88, 96, 111, 114, 195, 202, 217
Observer, 2, 67, 86, 95, 120, 125, 149, 181,
185, 189, 193
Oman, 106
Opposition, 25, 46, 60, 79, 85, 94, 96, 147, 155,
158, 178, 182, 185
Orkneys, 25, 40, 143
OSPAR, see Convention for the Protection of
the Marine Environment of the NorthEast Atlantic (OSPAR)
Otters, 13, 127, 130, 131
Overexploitation, 9, 123, 130, 143, 170
Overfishing, 110
P
Pacific Oceans, 15, 20, 21, 26, 29, 119–120,
130, 137
Packwood Magnuson Amendment, 111
PBSG, see Polar Bear Specialist Group (PBSG)
Index
223