the national food waste per year value, the USA is in the top
position. Figure 1 shows the zone and stage-wise food waste
production in percentage of food supply chain.
To utilize lignocellulosic material including food waste as
a feedstock for energy extraction various pretreatment
methods namely physical, chemical, or biological are being
employed. These methods are well investigated and documented in various literatures. It enhances the assimilation
capabilities of enzymes, which further improve
bio-degradation of the wastes to ethanol and biogas, thereby
increasing its yield (Taherzadeh and Karimi 2008). The
emerging possibility of bioconversion of once considered
waste into source for energy has led to the emergence of the
concept of waste to energy and hence gained popularity
among the research community in the world (Irshad et al.
2012). Owing to its biochemical composition and structural
properties, it is considered as a suitable candidate for the
fabrication of fuels, materials, and chemicals. This chapter is
an attempt toward developing an understanding toward
various available technologies with special reference to
biological pretreatment method. This chapter also tries to
shed some light on the potential of lignocellulose material
for the generation of value-added bioproducts; solid-state
fermentation processing, and lignocellulolytic organisms and
their enzymes. The overview of the chapter is represented in
Fig. 2. The figure depicts the journey of food waste through
various pretreatment methods toward the generation of
biogas production.
2 Chemical Compositions
Lignocellulosic materials are essentially composed of three
polymers, viz. lignin (10–25%), hemicellulose (20–35%),
and cellulose (35–50%). In cellulose, each glucose unit is
connected via b (1 ! 4)-glycosidic bonds to form the
Table 1 World’s 10 largest food
waste producing countries (per
capita)
World ranking
Country
Food waste per capita (kg) per year
National food waste (kg) per year
1.
Australia
361
8,948,576,300
2.
USA
278
90,767,556,000
3.
Turkey
168
13,408,898,328
4.
Spain
165
7,680,592,425
5.
Japan
157
19,874,630,000
6.
Germany
154
12,708,334,562
7.
Mexico
149
18,427,627,299
8.
Italy
145
8,772,749,110
9.
Morocco
135
4,665,532,500
10.
Portugal
135
1,391,792,355
Source https://www.statista.com/statistics/933059/per-capita-food-waste-of-selected-countries/. Retrieved on
18 June 2020, https://www.magnet.co.uk/advice-inspiration/blog/. Retrieved on 18 June 2020
Fig. 1 Zone and stage wise food
waste (%) in the food supply
chain. Source Gustavsson et al.
(2011)
82
N. Bordoloi et al.
position. Figure 1 shows the zone and stage-wise food waste
production in percentage of food supply chain.
To utilize lignocellulosic material including food waste as
a feedstock for energy extraction various pretreatment
methods namely physical, chemical, or biological are being
employed. These methods are well investigated and documented in various literatures. It enhances the assimilation
capabilities of enzymes, which further improve
bio-degradation of the wastes to ethanol and biogas, thereby
increasing its yield (Taherzadeh and Karimi 2008). The
emerging possibility of bioconversion of once considered
waste into source for energy has led to the emergence of the
concept of waste to energy and hence gained popularity
among the research community in the world (Irshad et al.
2012). Owing to its biochemical composition and structural
properties, it is considered as a suitable candidate for the
fabrication of fuels, materials, and chemicals. This chapter is
an attempt toward developing an understanding toward
various available technologies with special reference to
biological pretreatment method. This chapter also tries to
shed some light on the potential of lignocellulose material
for the generation of value-added bioproducts; solid-state
fermentation processing, and lignocellulolytic organisms and
their enzymes. The overview of the chapter is represented in
Fig. 2. The figure depicts the journey of food waste through
various pretreatment methods toward the generation of
biogas production.
2 Chemical Compositions
Lignocellulosic materials are essentially composed of three
polymers, viz. lignin (10–25%), hemicellulose (20–35%),
and cellulose (35–50%). In cellulose, each glucose unit is
connected via b (1 ! 4)-glycosidic bonds to form the
Table 1 World’s 10 largest food
waste producing countries (per
capita)
World ranking
Country
Food waste per capita (kg) per year
National food waste (kg) per year
1.
Australia
361
8,948,576,300
2.
USA
278
90,767,556,000
3.
Turkey
168
13,408,898,328
4.
Spain
165
7,680,592,425
5.
Japan
157
19,874,630,000
6.
Germany
154
12,708,334,562
7.
Mexico
149
18,427,627,299
8.
Italy
145
8,772,749,110
9.
Morocco
135
4,665,532,500
10.
Portugal
135
1,391,792,355
Source https://www.statista.com/statistics/933059/per-capita-food-waste-of-selected-countries/. Retrieved on
18 June 2020, https://www.magnet.co.uk/advice-inspiration/blog/. Retrieved on 18 June 2020
Fig. 1 Zone and stage wise food
waste (%) in the food supply
chain. Source Gustavsson et al.
(2011)
82
N. Bordoloi et al.