the livestock industry for biofuel and feed production. In Advanced
bioprocessing for alternative fuels, biobased chemicals, and
bioproducts (pp. 225–247). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/
10.1016/B978-0-12-817941-3.00012-7.
Nanda, S., Dalai, A. K., Gökalp, I., & Kozinski, J. A. (2016).
Valorization of horse manure through catalytic supercritical water
gasification. Waste Management, 52, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.wasman.2016.03.049.
Nemerow, N. L., Agardy, F. J. and Salvato, J. A. (2009). Environmental engineering: water, wastewater, soil and groundwater
treatment and remediation (6th ed.). John Wiley & Son.
Noor, S. S., & Kamarudin, S. K. (2014). Bio synthesis of methanol
from goat manure via anaerobic fermentation. Australian Journal of
Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(19 Special), 81–83.
OSU. (2000). Ohio livestock manure and wastewater management
guide. Bulletin 604. Ohio State University Extension. www.ag.
ohio-state.edu/*ohioline/b604/b604_24.html. Report. Accessed
June 2020.
Petersen, S. O. (2018). Greenhouse gas emissions from liquid dairy
manure: Prediction and mitigation. Journal of Dairy Science, 101
(7), 6642–6654. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13301.
Plasynski, S., Hughes, E., Costello, R., & Tillman, D. (1999). Biomass
cofiring: a new look at old fuels for a future mission. Presented at
Electric Power ‘99, April 20–22, Baltimore, Maryland.
Polprasert, C., & Koottatep, T. (2017). Organic waste recycling:
technology, management and sustainability. IWA publishing.
https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780408217.
Purdue. (1994). Composting. Purdue Research Foundation. http://
pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/*epados/farmstead/manure/src/compost.
htm. Report. Accessed June in 2020.
Purdue. (1996). Manure as an important resource. Purdue Research
Foundation.
http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/*epados/farmstead/
yards/src/uses.htm. Report. Accessed June 2020.
Roos, K.F., and M.A. Moser. 1997. A manual for developing biogas
systems at commercial farms in the United States. AgStar Handbook. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
EPA-430-B-97-015.
Rosov, K. A., Mallin, M. A., & Cahoon, L. B. (2020). Waste nutrients
from US animal feeding operations: Regulations are inconsistent
across states and inadequately assess nutrient export risk. Journal of
Environmental Management, 269, 110738. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jenvman.2020.110738.
Rozdilsky, J. L. (1997). Farm-based anaerobic digestion in michigan:
history, current status, and future outlook. Michigan Biomass
Energy Program, Lansing, Michigan. http://eimisweb.cis.state.mi.
us/biomas/anaerobic.pdf. Report. Accessed in May 2020.
Saggar, S., Bolan, N. S., Bhandral, R., Hedley, C. B., & Luo, J. (2004).
A review of emissions of methane, ammonia, and nitrous oxide
from animal excreta deposition and farm effluent application in
grazed pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 47
(4), 513–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513618.
Singh, R. L., & Singh, P. K. (2017). Global environmental problems.
In: principles and applications of environmental biotechnology for
a sustainable future (pp. 13–41). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-981-10-1866-4_2.
Svanbäck, A., McCrackin, M. L., Swaney, D. P., Linefur, H.,
Gustafsson, B. G., Howarth, R. W., et al. (2019). Reducing
agricultural nutrient surpluses in a large catchment-Links to
livestock density. Science of the Total Environment, 648, 1549–
1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.194.
Takahashi, Y., Nomura, H., Son, C. T., Kusudo, T., & Yabe, M.
(2020). Manure management and pollution levels of contract and
non-contract livestock farming in Vietnam. Science of the Total
Environment, 710, 136200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2019.136200.
Tallou, A., Haouas, A., Jamali, M. Y., Atif, K., Amir, S., & Aziz, F.
(2020). Review on cow manure as renewable energy. In Smart
village technology (pp. 341–352). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-3-030-37794-6_17.
Thu, C. T. T., Cuong, P. H., Van Chao, N., Trach, N. X., & Sommer, S.
G. (2012). Manure management practices on biogas and non-biogas
pig farms in developing countries-using livestock farms in Vietnam
as an example. Journal of Cleaner Production, 27, 64–71. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.006.
Tillman, D. (1999). Cofiring biomass in coal-fired boilers. Foster
Wheeler Review, Spring 1999, 1(1). http://www.fwc.com/
publications/heat/heat_html/spr99/confiring.cf.Report.
Accessed
June 2020.
Timmerman, M., & Hoving, I. E. (2016). Purifying manure effluents
with duckweed (No. 942). Wageningen UR Livestock Research.
UNL. (1998). Composting manure and other organic residues. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. http://ianrwww.unl.edu/pubs/wastemgt/
g1315.htm>.Report. Accessed June 2020.
USEPA. (1996). Covered lagoon digesters. agstar technical series.
Washington, D.C., Report: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. (1997a). Complete-mix digesters. AgStar Technical Series.
Washington, D.C: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA-430-F-97-004, Report.
USEPA. (1997b). Plug-flow digesters. AgStar Technical Series.
Washington, D.C: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA-430-F-97-006, Report.
USPEA. (1998). Environmental Framework and Implementation
Strategy for Poultry Operations: A Voluntary Program Developed
and Adopted by the Poultry Industry. From 1998 Meeting of the
Poultry Industry Environmental Dialogue. U.S. Poultry and Egg
Association, Report.
USEPA. (2002). Wastewater technology fact sheet: facultative
Lagoons. Municipal technology branch. Washington, DC: United
States Environmental Protection Agency. http://ww.epa.gov/owm/
mtb/mtbfact.htm. Accessed June 2020
Vanotti, M. B., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. C., Szögi, A. A., Harrison, J. H.,
Smith, W. B., & Moral, R. (2020). Removing and recovering
nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure. Animal Manure:
Production, Characteristics, Environmental Concerns, and Management, 67, 275–321. https://doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub67.c22.
Wato, T., Amare, M., Bonga, E., Demand, B. B. O., & Coalition, B.
B. R. (2020). The agricultural water pollution and its minimization
strategies-A Review.
Watson, J., Zhang, Y., Si, B., Chen, W. T., & de Souza, R. (2018).
Gasification of biowaste: A critical review and outlooks. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 83, 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2017.10.003.
Widjaya, E. R., Chen, G., Bowtell, L., & Hills, C. (2018). Gasification
of non-woody biomass: A literature review. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 89, 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2018.03.023.
Wright, P. (2017). Manure storage planning, design, construction, and
documentation, pro-dairy. Cornell university, conference presentation, USA.
Yao, Y., Huang, G., An, C., Chen, X., Zhang, P., Xin, X., et al. (2020).
Anaerobic digestion of livestock manure in cold regions: Technological advancements and global impacts. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, 109494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
2019.109494.
314
J. K. Bwapwa
bioprocessing for alternative fuels, biobased chemicals, and
bioproducts (pp. 225–247). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/
10.1016/B978-0-12-817941-3.00012-7.
Nanda, S., Dalai, A. K., Gökalp, I., & Kozinski, J. A. (2016).
Valorization of horse manure through catalytic supercritical water
gasification. Waste Management, 52, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.wasman.2016.03.049.
Nemerow, N. L., Agardy, F. J. and Salvato, J. A. (2009). Environmental engineering: water, wastewater, soil and groundwater
treatment and remediation (6th ed.). John Wiley & Son.
Noor, S. S., & Kamarudin, S. K. (2014). Bio synthesis of methanol
from goat manure via anaerobic fermentation. Australian Journal of
Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(19 Special), 81–83.
OSU. (2000). Ohio livestock manure and wastewater management
guide. Bulletin 604. Ohio State University Extension. www.ag.
ohio-state.edu/*ohioline/b604/b604_24.html. Report. Accessed
June 2020.
Petersen, S. O. (2018). Greenhouse gas emissions from liquid dairy
manure: Prediction and mitigation. Journal of Dairy Science, 101
(7), 6642–6654. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13301.
Plasynski, S., Hughes, E., Costello, R., & Tillman, D. (1999). Biomass
cofiring: a new look at old fuels for a future mission. Presented at
Electric Power ‘99, April 20–22, Baltimore, Maryland.
Polprasert, C., & Koottatep, T. (2017). Organic waste recycling:
technology, management and sustainability. IWA publishing.
https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780408217.
Purdue. (1994). Composting. Purdue Research Foundation. http://
pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/*epados/farmstead/manure/src/compost.
htm. Report. Accessed June in 2020.
Purdue. (1996). Manure as an important resource. Purdue Research
Foundation.
http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/*epados/farmstead/
yards/src/uses.htm. Report. Accessed June 2020.
Roos, K.F., and M.A. Moser. 1997. A manual for developing biogas
systems at commercial farms in the United States. AgStar Handbook. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
EPA-430-B-97-015.
Rosov, K. A., Mallin, M. A., & Cahoon, L. B. (2020). Waste nutrients
from US animal feeding operations: Regulations are inconsistent
across states and inadequately assess nutrient export risk. Journal of
Environmental Management, 269, 110738. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jenvman.2020.110738.
Rozdilsky, J. L. (1997). Farm-based anaerobic digestion in michigan:
history, current status, and future outlook. Michigan Biomass
Energy Program, Lansing, Michigan. http://eimisweb.cis.state.mi.
us/biomas/anaerobic.pdf. Report. Accessed in May 2020.
Saggar, S., Bolan, N. S., Bhandral, R., Hedley, C. B., & Luo, J. (2004).
A review of emissions of methane, ammonia, and nitrous oxide
from animal excreta deposition and farm effluent application in
grazed pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 47
(4), 513–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513618.
Singh, R. L., & Singh, P. K. (2017). Global environmental problems.
In: principles and applications of environmental biotechnology for
a sustainable future (pp. 13–41). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-981-10-1866-4_2.
Svanbäck, A., McCrackin, M. L., Swaney, D. P., Linefur, H.,
Gustafsson, B. G., Howarth, R. W., et al. (2019). Reducing
agricultural nutrient surpluses in a large catchment-Links to
livestock density. Science of the Total Environment, 648, 1549–
1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.194.
Takahashi, Y., Nomura, H., Son, C. T., Kusudo, T., & Yabe, M.
(2020). Manure management and pollution levels of contract and
non-contract livestock farming in Vietnam. Science of the Total
Environment, 710, 136200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.
2019.136200.
Tallou, A., Haouas, A., Jamali, M. Y., Atif, K., Amir, S., & Aziz, F.
(2020). Review on cow manure as renewable energy. In Smart
village technology (pp. 341–352). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-3-030-37794-6_17.
Thu, C. T. T., Cuong, P. H., Van Chao, N., Trach, N. X., & Sommer, S.
G. (2012). Manure management practices on biogas and non-biogas
pig farms in developing countries-using livestock farms in Vietnam
as an example. Journal of Cleaner Production, 27, 64–71. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.006.
Tillman, D. (1999). Cofiring biomass in coal-fired boilers. Foster
Wheeler Review, Spring 1999, 1(1). http://www.fwc.com/
publications/heat/heat_html/spr99/confiring.cf.Report.
Accessed
June 2020.
Timmerman, M., & Hoving, I. E. (2016). Purifying manure effluents
with duckweed (No. 942). Wageningen UR Livestock Research.
UNL. (1998). Composting manure and other organic residues. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. http://ianrwww.unl.edu/pubs/wastemgt/
g1315.htm>.Report. Accessed June 2020.
USEPA. (1996). Covered lagoon digesters. agstar technical series.
Washington, D.C., Report: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. (1997a). Complete-mix digesters. AgStar Technical Series.
Washington, D.C: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA-430-F-97-004, Report.
USEPA. (1997b). Plug-flow digesters. AgStar Technical Series.
Washington, D.C: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA-430-F-97-006, Report.
USPEA. (1998). Environmental Framework and Implementation
Strategy for Poultry Operations: A Voluntary Program Developed
and Adopted by the Poultry Industry. From 1998 Meeting of the
Poultry Industry Environmental Dialogue. U.S. Poultry and Egg
Association, Report.
USEPA. (2002). Wastewater technology fact sheet: facultative
Lagoons. Municipal technology branch. Washington, DC: United
States Environmental Protection Agency. http://ww.epa.gov/owm/
mtb/mtbfact.htm. Accessed June 2020
Vanotti, M. B., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. C., Szögi, A. A., Harrison, J. H.,
Smith, W. B., & Moral, R. (2020). Removing and recovering
nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure. Animal Manure:
Production, Characteristics, Environmental Concerns, and Management, 67, 275–321. https://doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub67.c22.
Wato, T., Amare, M., Bonga, E., Demand, B. B. O., & Coalition, B.
B. R. (2020). The agricultural water pollution and its minimization
strategies-A Review.
Watson, J., Zhang, Y., Si, B., Chen, W. T., & de Souza, R. (2018).
Gasification of biowaste: A critical review and outlooks. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 83, 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2017.10.003.
Widjaya, E. R., Chen, G., Bowtell, L., & Hills, C. (2018). Gasification
of non-woody biomass: A literature review. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 89, 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2018.03.023.
Wright, P. (2017). Manure storage planning, design, construction, and
documentation, pro-dairy. Cornell university, conference presentation, USA.
Yao, Y., Huang, G., An, C., Chen, X., Zhang, P., Xin, X., et al. (2020).
Anaerobic digestion of livestock manure in cold regions: Technological advancements and global impacts. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, 109494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.
2019.109494.
314
J. K. Bwapwa