et al. 2014). The current and essential strategy is to recognize
the pathways for EPS development in microorganisms and
to identify the mechanisms of development (Kumar et al.
2017a; Singh et al. 2014). Diverse groups of organisms may
be generating EPS which comprises eukaryotes, archaea, and
bacteria, and whose temperature, molecular composition,
pH, nutritional load, and carbon source of molecules varies
according to their rheological, biological, physical, and
chemical characteristics (Shen et al. 2013; Gupta and Thakur
2016).
The synthesis of EPS is widespread in the majority of
Gram-negative bacteria, for example, Azoarcus sp., Rhizobium sp., Agrobacterium sp., Azotobacter vinelandii, Haemophilus sp., Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas sp.,
and Zoogloea sp. The grams were also recorded belonging to
bacteria such as Streptococus Bovis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Lactobacillus sp. for the development of EPS
(Jiang 2011). This latest biological material has possible use
in several areas, including bio-flocculants, substance
cementing, fibers, detergents, microbial oil recovery, pharmaceuticals, food additives, metal processing, and wastewater disposal, as a consequence of its special characteristics
such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability,
EPS allows microorganisms to overcome their environmental limits, such as metal toxicity, nutrient restriction,
feeding exposure to food, energy shortage, and preserves the
microorganism in unfavorable climate (Kumar et al. 2017b).
6 Issues and Challenges
in Commercialization of Biological
Conversion Methods
The rise in CO 2 amount in the atmosphere causes global
warming and thus climate change, which poses a challenge
to the survival of earthly life. Specific methods are now
applicable to CO 2 reduction and control, such as chemical,
physical, and biological. The released CO 2 may be actively
pumped into deeper waters or directly through the earth’s
atmosphere by anthropogenic practices. In reality, technologies such as CCU and CCS are extremely
energy-exhaustive techniques that influence the whole
commercial use of CCS in the network. For typical operation, there are no primary technical fences to catch CO 2 . The
total costs of introducing CCS in plants are projected to be
not a cost-effective strategy, relative to those without CCS.
The higher expense of carbon captures is the biggest problem with the adoption of CCS technologies, primarily from
gas fuels and industrial combustion practices. An accepted
selection of technical solutions, including the introduction of
CCS, may be considered to fulfill the carbon footprint mitigation objective. Deeply based on the environment and
form of gas supply the CCS system used was, thanks to its
lower c), the most powerful device for coal-fired power
stations. CO 2 capture system after combustion at a low cost.
Thanks to its high performance and small construction costs,
the CO 2 absorption technique is the modern strategy of
separation. The CO 2 capture by land or microorganism
biologically. CO 2 capturing. Because of this, biological
methods convert CO 2 into microbial waste products, organic
fuels, and essential chemicals, however, the geological and
chemical techniques of CCU posse some limitations. When
complex CO 2 fixation enzymes exist, these microbes engage
in plant-like operations throughout the global carbon cycle.
Because CO 2 is the only source of carbon for these bacteria,
they adapt and establish pathways to sequester and utilize
the CO 2 from various sources. The appliance of organic
CCUs at industries for concurrent usage of CO 2 and the
processing of organic materials is also a difficult technique
because of lower biomass output, contamination-prone, high
fermenter repair and maintenance costs, and costs inherent in
the selection and storage of biomass materials are key concerns. Throughout the processing of value-added items like
biodiesel, PHA, EPS, biosurfactants, and many more,
extracted microbial biomass has been used further. As an
alternative to current commercial goods, biomaterials
derived from Chemolithotrophic are rising reliance on synthetic materials.
7 Conclusions
CO 2 processing is a challenging area of science and until
now the large-scale extraction of CO 2 did not attain an
optimal approach. Several CO 2 conversion processes utilizing chemicals, materials, and biological molecules have
nevertheless been published. Yet each of these CO 2 catches
or transforming machines has its drawbacks, which complicates its industrial use. There are also drawbacks to CCU
as a method for CO 2 sequestration. An alternate solution will
be to reduce and recycle CO 2 from stable CO 2 reactions with
catalyst instead of depending upon a bioenergy storage
method to turn CO 2 into bioenergy. To order to meet the
objective of environmental stability and its economic viability, the combined CO 2 sequestration and bio-valorization
strategy must be enforced. But the economic situation must
be closely examined so that the solution to bio-fuel-led
biorefinery is feasible. In order to make significant progress
to CO 2 reduction, changes in CO 2 recovery are therefore
required to mitigate possible climate change.
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the Departments at their respective universities for providing state of the art
research facilities.
Biological Methods for Carbon Dioxide Conversion and Utilization
173
the pathways for EPS development in microorganisms and
to identify the mechanisms of development (Kumar et al.
2017a; Singh et al. 2014). Diverse groups of organisms may
be generating EPS which comprises eukaryotes, archaea, and
bacteria, and whose temperature, molecular composition,
pH, nutritional load, and carbon source of molecules varies
according to their rheological, biological, physical, and
chemical characteristics (Shen et al. 2013; Gupta and Thakur
2016).
The synthesis of EPS is widespread in the majority of
Gram-negative bacteria, for example, Azoarcus sp., Rhizobium sp., Agrobacterium sp., Azotobacter vinelandii, Haemophilus sp., Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas sp.,
and Zoogloea sp. The grams were also recorded belonging to
bacteria such as Streptococus Bovis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Lactobacillus sp. for the development of EPS
(Jiang 2011). This latest biological material has possible use
in several areas, including bio-flocculants, substance
cementing, fibers, detergents, microbial oil recovery, pharmaceuticals, food additives, metal processing, and wastewater disposal, as a consequence of its special characteristics
such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability,
EPS allows microorganisms to overcome their environmental limits, such as metal toxicity, nutrient restriction,
feeding exposure to food, energy shortage, and preserves the
microorganism in unfavorable climate (Kumar et al. 2017b).
6 Issues and Challenges
in Commercialization of Biological
Conversion Methods
The rise in CO 2 amount in the atmosphere causes global
warming and thus climate change, which poses a challenge
to the survival of earthly life. Specific methods are now
applicable to CO 2 reduction and control, such as chemical,
physical, and biological. The released CO 2 may be actively
pumped into deeper waters or directly through the earth’s
atmosphere by anthropogenic practices. In reality, technologies such as CCU and CCS are extremely
energy-exhaustive techniques that influence the whole
commercial use of CCS in the network. For typical operation, there are no primary technical fences to catch CO 2 . The
total costs of introducing CCS in plants are projected to be
not a cost-effective strategy, relative to those without CCS.
The higher expense of carbon captures is the biggest problem with the adoption of CCS technologies, primarily from
gas fuels and industrial combustion practices. An accepted
selection of technical solutions, including the introduction of
CCS, may be considered to fulfill the carbon footprint mitigation objective. Deeply based on the environment and
form of gas supply the CCS system used was, thanks to its
lower c), the most powerful device for coal-fired power
stations. CO 2 capture system after combustion at a low cost.
Thanks to its high performance and small construction costs,
the CO 2 absorption technique is the modern strategy of
separation. The CO 2 capture by land or microorganism
biologically. CO 2 capturing. Because of this, biological
methods convert CO 2 into microbial waste products, organic
fuels, and essential chemicals, however, the geological and
chemical techniques of CCU posse some limitations. When
complex CO 2 fixation enzymes exist, these microbes engage
in plant-like operations throughout the global carbon cycle.
Because CO 2 is the only source of carbon for these bacteria,
they adapt and establish pathways to sequester and utilize
the CO 2 from various sources. The appliance of organic
CCUs at industries for concurrent usage of CO 2 and the
processing of organic materials is also a difficult technique
because of lower biomass output, contamination-prone, high
fermenter repair and maintenance costs, and costs inherent in
the selection and storage of biomass materials are key concerns. Throughout the processing of value-added items like
biodiesel, PHA, EPS, biosurfactants, and many more,
extracted microbial biomass has been used further. As an
alternative to current commercial goods, biomaterials
derived from Chemolithotrophic are rising reliance on synthetic materials.
7 Conclusions
CO 2 processing is a challenging area of science and until
now the large-scale extraction of CO 2 did not attain an
optimal approach. Several CO 2 conversion processes utilizing chemicals, materials, and biological molecules have
nevertheless been published. Yet each of these CO 2 catches
or transforming machines has its drawbacks, which complicates its industrial use. There are also drawbacks to CCU
as a method for CO 2 sequestration. An alternate solution will
be to reduce and recycle CO 2 from stable CO 2 reactions with
catalyst instead of depending upon a bioenergy storage
method to turn CO 2 into bioenergy. To order to meet the
objective of environmental stability and its economic viability, the combined CO 2 sequestration and bio-valorization
strategy must be enforced. But the economic situation must
be closely examined so that the solution to bio-fuel-led
biorefinery is feasible. In order to make significant progress
to CO 2 reduction, changes in CO 2 recovery are therefore
required to mitigate possible climate change.
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the Departments at their respective universities for providing state of the art
research facilities.
Biological Methods for Carbon Dioxide Conversion and Utilization
173