fructose to generate PHA Copolymers which show better
mechanical durability compared to HPB (Guo et al. 2018).
Intracellular PHA from inorganic carbon caught, identical to
Serratia sp, is stated to be deposited. ISTD04 utilizes 48% of
the dry biomass of sodium bicarbonate as a source of carbon
and polyhydroxy valerate (PHV).
5.2.2 CO 2 Conversion to Biofuel
Biofuel with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) ability is
an emerging greenhouse gas reduction technique that creates
negative CO 2 emissions intending to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. The term biofuel is usually liquid fuels, for
example, biodiesel and ethanol which serve as a replacement
for combustibles such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel (Singh
and Thakur 2015; Tripathi et al. 2015). Oil often contains
oils including pellets of wood and biogas or syngas as well
as stable and gaseous fuels. The biofuel cycle involves
procedures for thermochemical, biochemical, and chemical
transformations.
Chemolithotrophic bacteria are the major biomolecules in
cell biomass and could accrue up to 2–60% in lipids present
in the dry bacterial biomass. This cycle is based on fatty and
triglyceride acids as the main part of microbial lipids and oils
and could also be converted into alcoholic esters (Bharti
et al. 2014a). Lipid extraction from chemoautotrophic bacteria is difficult because it requires the enhanced processing
processes and higher energy consumption and lesser biomass yield. Developments in chemical and physical technology to extract and purify lipids from dry bacterial
biomass offer an economical alternative to manufacture
biofuel from chemical-autotrophic bacteria. Biodiesel chemist’s key chemistry is very fast and is normally done in the
transesterification of triglycerides (lipid) in the existence of
catalysts (acid or base) with an alcohol, for example,
methanol or ethanol (Kumar et al. 2017b; Madhavan et al.
2017). Alkalinized transesterification is the most popular
form of biodiesel production; thus, the transformed substance is glycerol and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). If
there are significant amounts of free fatty acid (FFAs) in the
ingredients (oils), the use of acid catalysts is preferred
whereby FFAs are esterified concurrently and converted into
fatty acids (Kumar et al. 2016c). The primary consistent
catalysts for lipids transesterification are sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and boron
trifluoride (Ma and Hanna 1999).
Recently, owing to their excellent adsorption and simple
to work with, recovery, low operating cost, and widely used
in a persistent reactor, heterogeneous catalysts became
increasingly attractive. Heterogeneous strong catalysts such
as zeolites, metal-doped silica, titans, sulfate zirconia,
tungsten zirconia, sulfonated stain oxide, and Nafion NR50
have so far been used (Madhuvilakku and Piraman 2013).
NR50 was the most popular form of a substance used in the
field (Shen et al. 2013). Using intracellular and extracellular
lipase as a biological catalytic is yet another option for the
development of enzymatic diesel, with strong supports
including biochar and activated charcoal being immobilized
by both (Intracellular and Extracellular) biological catalysts
(Khosla et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2015). Compared to the
usage of free enzymes, these methods are highly specialized
because their decreased measures include downstream processes and processing operations. Very little detail is
accessible mainly related to the development of Chemolithotrophic lipids. (Chemolithotrophic condensed CO 2
Serratia sp.) The bacterial culture filtrate ISTD04 formed
466 mg/L extracellular lipids and dry biomass intracellular
lipids 64.7% (Bharti et al. 2014a, b). The portion of fatty
acid plays a significant role in the manufacture of
good-quality biodiesel. Higher saturated fatty acid content in
biodiesel compared to unsaturated fatty acids is problematic
in the wintertime as fuel injector pipes are blocked but at the
same time, they are more resilient to oxidation and increase
the fuel’s energy efficiency.
5.2.3 CO 2 Conversion to Biosurfactants
Various classes of bacteria and yeasts could be able to
generate active biological materials called biosurfactants, for
example, bacteria and fungi (Beller and Bornscheuer 2014).
Bacteria sp. are the most abundant. Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Serratia esp.,
and Rhodococus sp. have been recorded for the development
of biosurfactants (Maheshwari et al. 2017). Thanks to their
biological degradability, greater precision, and diversified
use, these compounds have strong advantages over chemically synthesized surfactants (Rosenberg 1984). Related
biological compounds made up of mycolic acid, glycolipids,
a polysaccharide–lipid matrix, phospholipid, lipoproteins,
and structural materials, are biosurfactants. Four groups of
biosurfactants including (1) lipoproteins or lipopeptides,
(2) phospholipids, (3) glycolipids, and (4) polymers (Healy
et al. 1996) can be classified based on the chemical structure
of their biosurfactants. Among the two classes of biological
surfactants in these four types, the first one is the rhamnolipids that fall under the glycolipid subclass.
It helps to reduce alkanes and numerous hydrophobic
substances chiefly formed via Pseudomonas sp. (Tracy et al.
2012). The second biosurfactant group consists of lipopeptides, primarily lipopeptides, which possess certain imperative applications and action against various groups of
microorganisms in biological fields. (CLPBS). The broad
spectrum of action of this drug is supported by its antibacterial, antiviral, or antifungal properties, cytolytic function,
fibrin clot-forming inhibition, and macrophage stimulating
operation (Kim et al. 2004). Hydrocarbons have generally
been the preferred sources of carbon for the production of
biologics with hydrophobic and water-soluble substrates
Biological Methods for Carbon Dioxide Conversion and Utilization
171
mechanical durability compared to HPB (Guo et al. 2018).
Intracellular PHA from inorganic carbon caught, identical to
Serratia sp, is stated to be deposited. ISTD04 utilizes 48% of
the dry biomass of sodium bicarbonate as a source of carbon
and polyhydroxy valerate (PHV).
5.2.2 CO 2 Conversion to Biofuel
Biofuel with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) ability is
an emerging greenhouse gas reduction technique that creates
negative CO 2 emissions intending to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. The term biofuel is usually liquid fuels, for
example, biodiesel and ethanol which serve as a replacement
for combustibles such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel (Singh
and Thakur 2015; Tripathi et al. 2015). Oil often contains
oils including pellets of wood and biogas or syngas as well
as stable and gaseous fuels. The biofuel cycle involves
procedures for thermochemical, biochemical, and chemical
transformations.
Chemolithotrophic bacteria are the major biomolecules in
cell biomass and could accrue up to 2–60% in lipids present
in the dry bacterial biomass. This cycle is based on fatty and
triglyceride acids as the main part of microbial lipids and oils
and could also be converted into alcoholic esters (Bharti
et al. 2014a). Lipid extraction from chemoautotrophic bacteria is difficult because it requires the enhanced processing
processes and higher energy consumption and lesser biomass yield. Developments in chemical and physical technology to extract and purify lipids from dry bacterial
biomass offer an economical alternative to manufacture
biofuel from chemical-autotrophic bacteria. Biodiesel chemist’s key chemistry is very fast and is normally done in the
transesterification of triglycerides (lipid) in the existence of
catalysts (acid or base) with an alcohol, for example,
methanol or ethanol (Kumar et al. 2017b; Madhavan et al.
2017). Alkalinized transesterification is the most popular
form of biodiesel production; thus, the transformed substance is glycerol and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). If
there are significant amounts of free fatty acid (FFAs) in the
ingredients (oils), the use of acid catalysts is preferred
whereby FFAs are esterified concurrently and converted into
fatty acids (Kumar et al. 2016c). The primary consistent
catalysts for lipids transesterification are sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and boron
trifluoride (Ma and Hanna 1999).
Recently, owing to their excellent adsorption and simple
to work with, recovery, low operating cost, and widely used
in a persistent reactor, heterogeneous catalysts became
increasingly attractive. Heterogeneous strong catalysts such
as zeolites, metal-doped silica, titans, sulfate zirconia,
tungsten zirconia, sulfonated stain oxide, and Nafion NR50
have so far been used (Madhuvilakku and Piraman 2013).
NR50 was the most popular form of a substance used in the
field (Shen et al. 2013). Using intracellular and extracellular
lipase as a biological catalytic is yet another option for the
development of enzymatic diesel, with strong supports
including biochar and activated charcoal being immobilized
by both (Intracellular and Extracellular) biological catalysts
(Khosla et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2015). Compared to the
usage of free enzymes, these methods are highly specialized
because their decreased measures include downstream processes and processing operations. Very little detail is
accessible mainly related to the development of Chemolithotrophic lipids. (Chemolithotrophic condensed CO 2
Serratia sp.) The bacterial culture filtrate ISTD04 formed
466 mg/L extracellular lipids and dry biomass intracellular
lipids 64.7% (Bharti et al. 2014a, b). The portion of fatty
acid plays a significant role in the manufacture of
good-quality biodiesel. Higher saturated fatty acid content in
biodiesel compared to unsaturated fatty acids is problematic
in the wintertime as fuel injector pipes are blocked but at the
same time, they are more resilient to oxidation and increase
the fuel’s energy efficiency.
5.2.3 CO 2 Conversion to Biosurfactants
Various classes of bacteria and yeasts could be able to
generate active biological materials called biosurfactants, for
example, bacteria and fungi (Beller and Bornscheuer 2014).
Bacteria sp. are the most abundant. Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Serratia esp.,
and Rhodococus sp. have been recorded for the development
of biosurfactants (Maheshwari et al. 2017). Thanks to their
biological degradability, greater precision, and diversified
use, these compounds have strong advantages over chemically synthesized surfactants (Rosenberg 1984). Related
biological compounds made up of mycolic acid, glycolipids,
a polysaccharide–lipid matrix, phospholipid, lipoproteins,
and structural materials, are biosurfactants. Four groups of
biosurfactants including (1) lipoproteins or lipopeptides,
(2) phospholipids, (3) glycolipids, and (4) polymers (Healy
et al. 1996) can be classified based on the chemical structure
of their biosurfactants. Among the two classes of biological
surfactants in these four types, the first one is the rhamnolipids that fall under the glycolipid subclass.
It helps to reduce alkanes and numerous hydrophobic
substances chiefly formed via Pseudomonas sp. (Tracy et al.
2012). The second biosurfactant group consists of lipopeptides, primarily lipopeptides, which possess certain imperative applications and action against various groups of
microorganisms in biological fields. (CLPBS). The broad
spectrum of action of this drug is supported by its antibacterial, antiviral, or antifungal properties, cytolytic function,
fibrin clot-forming inhibition, and macrophage stimulating
operation (Kim et al. 2004). Hydrocarbons have generally
been the preferred sources of carbon for the production of
biologics with hydrophobic and water-soluble substrates
Biological Methods for Carbon Dioxide Conversion and Utilization
171