Biological Methods for Carbon Dioxide
Conversion and Utilization
Sidra Saqib, Ahmad Mukhtar, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Sagir,
M. B. Tahir, Rabia Amen, Muhammad Babar, Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi,
Muhammad Ali Assiri, and Muhammad Ibrahim
Abstract
Over recent decades, massive greenhouse gas (GHG)
releases in the environment by anthropogenic activities
have contributed to global warming. It is also important
that additional pollutants are reduced, or emerging
solutions are created to prevent repeated CO 2 accumulations. Biological processes in nature can evaluate ambient
CO 2 , but the biological mechanism cannot absorb and use
all CO 2 in metropolitan and commercial environments
where a large concentration of CO 2 production is
observed. Specific chemicals and plastic goods with
CO 2 absorption properties are not environmentally
friendly or rather pricey. The usage of CO 2 as a raw
material at an industrial level is less important than the
excess. Mechanisms for the production, aggregation, and
utilization of carbon have developed in nature. The
photosynthetic and organic species assimilate and eventually transform CO 2 into complex molecules. Over the
last three decades, extensive work has been conducted to
identify chemical and ecosystem transformations of CO 2 ,
over numerous biological and synthetic materials including lactones, exopolysaccharides, bioplastics, microbial
alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, and biodiesel polymers.
Keywords
CO 2 Á Conversion Á Climate change Á Greenhouse gases Á
Emissions Á Pollution
1 Introduction
The latest trend of strong human-induced anthropogenic
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) pollution has risen to 35.7 billion tons
a year (Olivier et al. 2012). The resultant emissions of
ambient carbon dioxide, along with methane and nitrous
oxide in at least 800.000 years, were unparalleled and were
considered to be the main source of global change as per the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). As a
result, the 1983–2012 period was potentially the mildest
30-year period in the Northern Hemisphere over the past
1.400 years (Pachauri et al. 2014). CO 2 emissions are
mainly induced by the burning of fossil fuels and the disposal of steel mills, thermoelectric power stations, cement
stations, and refineries. A worldwide deal has recently been
signed at the 2015 United Nations climate change conference, COP 21 in Paris, France (Sutter and Berlinger 2015) to
decrease pollution from zero net greenhouse gasses and to
restrict temperature changes to an average of 1.5 °C over the
twenty-first century.
In addition to implementing greenhouse gas mitigation
steps, CO 2 is also an effective method to minimize CO 2
pollution. CO 2 is used as a feedstock to manufacture
chemicals and electricity. Methods would also be addressed
S. Saqib
Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University
Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
A. Mukhtar Á M. Babar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak,
Malaysia
S. Ullah Á A. G. Al-Sehemi Á M. A. Assiri
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha, 61413 P. O. Box 9004 Saudi Arabia
M. Sagir (&)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim yar khan,
50700, Pakistan
e-mail: m.sagir@uog.edu.pk
M. B. Tahir
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
and Information Technology, Rahim yar khan, 50700, Pakistan
R. Amen
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
M. Ibrahim
School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government
College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin and A. Khan (eds.), Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products, Advances in Science,
Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61837-7_10
165
Conversion and Utilization
Sidra Saqib, Ahmad Mukhtar, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Sagir,
M. B. Tahir, Rabia Amen, Muhammad Babar, Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi,
Muhammad Ali Assiri, and Muhammad Ibrahim
Abstract
Over recent decades, massive greenhouse gas (GHG)
releases in the environment by anthropogenic activities
have contributed to global warming. It is also important
that additional pollutants are reduced, or emerging
solutions are created to prevent repeated CO 2 accumulations. Biological processes in nature can evaluate ambient
CO 2 , but the biological mechanism cannot absorb and use
all CO 2 in metropolitan and commercial environments
where a large concentration of CO 2 production is
observed. Specific chemicals and plastic goods with
CO 2 absorption properties are not environmentally
friendly or rather pricey. The usage of CO 2 as a raw
material at an industrial level is less important than the
excess. Mechanisms for the production, aggregation, and
utilization of carbon have developed in nature. The
photosynthetic and organic species assimilate and eventually transform CO 2 into complex molecules. Over the
last three decades, extensive work has been conducted to
identify chemical and ecosystem transformations of CO 2 ,
over numerous biological and synthetic materials including lactones, exopolysaccharides, bioplastics, microbial
alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, and biodiesel polymers.
Keywords
CO 2 Á Conversion Á Climate change Á Greenhouse gases Á
Emissions Á Pollution
1 Introduction
The latest trend of strong human-induced anthropogenic
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) pollution has risen to 35.7 billion tons
a year (Olivier et al. 2012). The resultant emissions of
ambient carbon dioxide, along with methane and nitrous
oxide in at least 800.000 years, were unparalleled and were
considered to be the main source of global change as per the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). As a
result, the 1983–2012 period was potentially the mildest
30-year period in the Northern Hemisphere over the past
1.400 years (Pachauri et al. 2014). CO 2 emissions are
mainly induced by the burning of fossil fuels and the disposal of steel mills, thermoelectric power stations, cement
stations, and refineries. A worldwide deal has recently been
signed at the 2015 United Nations climate change conference, COP 21 in Paris, France (Sutter and Berlinger 2015) to
decrease pollution from zero net greenhouse gasses and to
restrict temperature changes to an average of 1.5 °C over the
twenty-first century.
In addition to implementing greenhouse gas mitigation
steps, CO 2 is also an effective method to minimize CO 2
pollution. CO 2 is used as a feedstock to manufacture
chemicals and electricity. Methods would also be addressed
S. Saqib
Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University
Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
A. Mukhtar Á M. Babar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak,
Malaysia
S. Ullah Á A. G. Al-Sehemi Á M. A. Assiri
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha, 61413 P. O. Box 9004 Saudi Arabia
M. Sagir (&)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim yar khan,
50700, Pakistan
e-mail: m.sagir@uog.edu.pk
M. B. Tahir
Department of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
and Information Technology, Rahim yar khan, 50700, Pakistan
R. Amen
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
M. Ibrahim
School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government
College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin and A. Khan (eds.), Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products, Advances in Science,
Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61837-7_10
165