Table 2 Fatty acid profile in different biodiesel feedstocks
C12:0
C14:0
C16:0
C18:0
C18:1
C18:2n6
C18:3n6
C20:0
C20:1
C22:1
1st generation
AlmondKernel
–
–
6.5
1.4
70.7
20
0,9
–
–
–
Soybean
–
–
6–10
2–5
2 0 –30
50–60
5–11
–
–
–
Coconut
45–53
16–21
7–10
2–4
5 –10
1–2.5
–
–
–
–
Mustard
–
–
–
1–2
8 –23
10–24
8–18
–
5–13
20–50
Olive
–
–
9–10
2–3
7 2 –85
10–12
0–1
–
–
–
2nd generation
Cottonseed
–
–
22.9–28.3
0.8–0.9
13.27–18.3
–
0.2
–
–
–
Jatropla
–
14.1–15.3
0–13
–
34.3–45.8
14.1–15.3
0–0.3
–
–
–
Karanja
–
–
3.7–7.9
2.4–8.6
44.5–71.3
10.8–18.3
–
–
–
–
Linseed
–
–
4–2
2 –4
2 4 –40
35–40
25–60
–
–
–
Neem
–
–
13.6–16.2
–
49–62
–
–
–
–
–
3rd generation
Chicken fat
–
3.1
19–82
3.1
37.6
–
–
–
–
–
Arthrospira
platensis
–
7.50
25.0
7.7
34.7
12.5
8.2
–
–
–
Scenedesmus
obliquus
–
–
34.0
2.6
5.7
1.7
0.4
–
–
–
Chlorella vulgaris
0.9
6.1
22.6
21.4
6.9
6.6
14.3
2.3
6.0
–
Adapted from Refs. (Severo et al. 2019; Maroneze et al. 2019; Singh et al. 2019)
Table 3 Properties of the biodiesel reasoned on EU (EN), USA (ASTM), and Brazilian (ANP) standards and biodiesel properties produced by
microalgae
ASTM D6751
EN 14214
ANP 45
Microalgae Sludge
Ester content
–
96.5%
96,5%
99%
Density
–
860–900 kg/m
3
850 a 900 kg/m
3
–
Viscosity
1.9–6 (mm
2 /s)
3.5–5.0 (mm
2
/s)
3.0–6.0 (mm
2
/s)
–
Flash point
! 130 °C
! 101 °C
! 100 °C
–
Sulfur content
50 (mg/kg)
10 (mg/kg)
10 (mg/kg)
–
Carbon residue
0.05 (m/m %)
0.3 (m/m %)
–
–
Cetane number
! 47
! 51
–
55
Water content
0.05 (v/v %)
500 (mg/kg)
200 (mg/kg
–
Copper strip corrosion as degree of corrosion
3 h
–
–
–
Oxidation stability
! 3 h
! 4 h
! 6 h
–
Acid value
0.50 (mg KOH/g)
0.50 (mg KOH/g)
0.50 (mg KOH/g)
–
Iodine value
–
130 (gI 2 100 g
−1
)
–
73.5 (gI 2 100 g
−1
)
Methanol content
–
0.02 (m/m %)
0.02 (m/m %)
–
Monocylglycerols
–
− 0.80 (mole %)
0.70 (mole %)
–
Diacylglycerols
–
0.20 (mole %)
0.20 (mole %)
–
Triacylglycerols
–
0.20 (mole %)
0.20 (mole %)
–
Degree of unsaturation
–
–
–
75%
Free glycerin
0.20 (m/m %)
0.02 (mole %)
0.02 (mole %)
–
Total glycerin
0.25 (m/m %)
0.25 (m/m %)
0.25 (m/m %)
–
Pour point
−15–16 °C
–
–
–
Phosphorus
0.001 (m/m %)
4 (mg/kg)
10 (mg/kg)
–
Cloud point
−3–12 °C
–
–
–
Adapted from Refs. (Severo et al. 2019; Maroneze et al. 2014)
Bioconversion of Industrial Wastes into Biodiesel Feedstocks
115
C12:0
C14:0
C16:0
C18:0
C18:1
C18:2n6
C18:3n6
C20:0
C20:1
C22:1
1st generation
AlmondKernel
–
–
6.5
1.4
70.7
20
0,9
–
–
–
Soybean
–
–
6–10
2–5
2 0 –30
50–60
5–11
–
–
–
Coconut
45–53
16–21
7–10
2–4
5 –10
1–2.5
–
–
–
–
Mustard
–
–
–
1–2
8 –23
10–24
8–18
–
5–13
20–50
Olive
–
–
9–10
2–3
7 2 –85
10–12
0–1
–
–
–
2nd generation
Cottonseed
–
–
22.9–28.3
0.8–0.9
13.27–18.3
–
0.2
–
–
–
Jatropla
–
14.1–15.3
0–13
–
34.3–45.8
14.1–15.3
0–0.3
–
–
–
Karanja
–
–
3.7–7.9
2.4–8.6
44.5–71.3
10.8–18.3
–
–
–
–
Linseed
–
–
4–2
2 –4
2 4 –40
35–40
25–60
–
–
–
Neem
–
–
13.6–16.2
–
49–62
–
–
–
–
–
3rd generation
Chicken fat
–
3.1
19–82
3.1
37.6
–
–
–
–
–
Arthrospira
platensis
–
7.50
25.0
7.7
34.7
12.5
8.2
–
–
–
Scenedesmus
obliquus
–
–
34.0
2.6
5.7
1.7
0.4
–
–
–
Chlorella vulgaris
0.9
6.1
22.6
21.4
6.9
6.6
14.3
2.3
6.0
–
Adapted from Refs. (Severo et al. 2019; Maroneze et al. 2019; Singh et al. 2019)
Table 3 Properties of the biodiesel reasoned on EU (EN), USA (ASTM), and Brazilian (ANP) standards and biodiesel properties produced by
microalgae
ASTM D6751
EN 14214
ANP 45
Microalgae Sludge
Ester content
–
96.5%
96,5%
99%
Density
–
860–900 kg/m
3
850 a 900 kg/m
3
–
Viscosity
1.9–6 (mm
2 /s)
3.5–5.0 (mm
2
/s)
3.0–6.0 (mm
2
/s)
–
Flash point
! 130 °C
! 101 °C
! 100 °C
–
Sulfur content
50 (mg/kg)
10 (mg/kg)
10 (mg/kg)
–
Carbon residue
0.05 (m/m %)
0.3 (m/m %)
–
–
Cetane number
! 47
! 51
–
55
Water content
0.05 (v/v %)
500 (mg/kg)
200 (mg/kg
–
Copper strip corrosion as degree of corrosion
3 h
–
–
–
Oxidation stability
! 3 h
! 4 h
! 6 h
–
Acid value
0.50 (mg KOH/g)
0.50 (mg KOH/g)
0.50 (mg KOH/g)
–
Iodine value
–
130 (gI 2 100 g
−1
)
–
73.5 (gI 2 100 g
−1
)
Methanol content
–
0.02 (m/m %)
0.02 (m/m %)
–
Monocylglycerols
–
− 0.80 (mole %)
0.70 (mole %)
–
Diacylglycerols
–
0.20 (mole %)
0.20 (mole %)
–
Triacylglycerols
–
0.20 (mole %)
0.20 (mole %)
–
Degree of unsaturation
–
–
–
75%
Free glycerin
0.20 (m/m %)
0.02 (mole %)
0.02 (mole %)
–
Total glycerin
0.25 (m/m %)
0.25 (m/m %)
0.25 (m/m %)
–
Pour point
−15–16 °C
–
–
–
Phosphorus
0.001 (m/m %)
4 (mg/kg)
10 (mg/kg)
–
Cloud point
−3–12 °C
–
–
–
Adapted from Refs. (Severo et al. 2019; Maroneze et al. 2014)
Bioconversion of Industrial Wastes into Biodiesel Feedstocks
115