(Huang et al. 2000). In the case study of Ningxia irrigation,
China shows that the biochar adjustment decreases paddy
soil nitrogen discharge but enhances the greenhouse gases
(Wang et al. 2017). The issues such as waste generated in
medical sectors need to be restructured (Datta et al. 2018).
Industrial creation of biogas from lignocellulose has a significant role in the production of energy but needs to resolve
technical issues that stem from poor understanding. It is also
necessary to study the nature and number of microorganisms
selected for the conversion of organic waste to biogas.
Anaerobic digestion technology needs to upgrade its
methodology and technology. All issues of biowaste and its
effects on society and sustainability should be attempted in
systematic planning and execution.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested 17
sustainable development goals (SGDs) for all countries.
They are mainly related to health and energy. Biowaste
mismanagement is a worldwide concern in terms of environmental issues, social cohesion, and economic sustainability, which requires an integrated appraisal and
comprehensive approaches for its solution. If not, then any
country can face problems due to unregulated biowaste
disposal. Many countries are making sincere efforts in the
conversion of biowaste to bioenergy. Many countries are
also encouraging their industries to create materials with
high dollar values like biogas, biofuels, bioelectricity, etc.
based on the waste generated by their own companies and
nearby areas. Different studies were reported to overcome
these issues by implementing novel technology and parallel
methodology. A few initiatives in this area have been started
such as the implementation of waste-to-energy plans and
technologies (Ouda et al. 2016) and the use of biochar for
phosphorous in agricultural soil (Glaser and Lehr 2019).
Novel approaches can convert the biowaste or byproducts
obtained during the conversion into value-added products
more effectively. The following examples show that systematic efforts have been made by the scientific community.
Some cost-effective strategies to recycle biowaste for green
energy applications by converting them into high surface
area carbon (Liu et al. 2020), conversion of eggshell waste to
an adsorbent for contaminated water treatment (Mignardi
et al. 2020), increasing efficiency of biogas production using
nanoparticles (Shuttleworth et al. 2014), corn silk-derived
carbon after activation for Na-ion storage applications
(Vadivazhagan et al. 2018), application in sub- and supercritical water (Pavlovič et al. 2013), thermal hydrolysis
(Allegue et al. 2020), etc. are reported.
2 Methods of Bioconversion
2.1 Bioconversion Process and Its Importance
Bioconversion is also referred to as biotransformation,
which involves the transformation of organic materials
(biowastes) into valuable materials or renewable energy
resources via biological processes. This strategy signifies an
auspicious and eco-friendly choice to substitute the traditional chemical methods applied presently for the generation
of fuels and chemicals. Bioconversion processes mainly
focus on sustainable resources such as biowastes and pollutants, which are considered foremost feedstocks. However,
the feedstocks such as biomass (Periyasamy et al. 2018;
Nghiem et al. 2018; Xiu et al. 2017), wastewater (Ben et al.
2016; Filho et al. 2017), waste gases (Iswmaw et al. 2019;
Axelsson et al. 2012), solid waste (Scientific et al. 1981;
Mahboubi et al. 2017; Chalima et al. 2017), sludge (Smoliński et al. 2019), glycerol, and other biorefinery byproducts
Fig. 3 Projected waste
generation by region (millions of
tonnes/year). Adapted from (Kaza
et al. 2018)
4
A. M. Palve et al.
China shows that the biochar adjustment decreases paddy
soil nitrogen discharge but enhances the greenhouse gases
(Wang et al. 2017). The issues such as waste generated in
medical sectors need to be restructured (Datta et al. 2018).
Industrial creation of biogas from lignocellulose has a significant role in the production of energy but needs to resolve
technical issues that stem from poor understanding. It is also
necessary to study the nature and number of microorganisms
selected for the conversion of organic waste to biogas.
Anaerobic digestion technology needs to upgrade its
methodology and technology. All issues of biowaste and its
effects on society and sustainability should be attempted in
systematic planning and execution.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested 17
sustainable development goals (SGDs) for all countries.
They are mainly related to health and energy. Biowaste
mismanagement is a worldwide concern in terms of environmental issues, social cohesion, and economic sustainability, which requires an integrated appraisal and
comprehensive approaches for its solution. If not, then any
country can face problems due to unregulated biowaste
disposal. Many countries are making sincere efforts in the
conversion of biowaste to bioenergy. Many countries are
also encouraging their industries to create materials with
high dollar values like biogas, biofuels, bioelectricity, etc.
based on the waste generated by their own companies and
nearby areas. Different studies were reported to overcome
these issues by implementing novel technology and parallel
methodology. A few initiatives in this area have been started
such as the implementation of waste-to-energy plans and
technologies (Ouda et al. 2016) and the use of biochar for
phosphorous in agricultural soil (Glaser and Lehr 2019).
Novel approaches can convert the biowaste or byproducts
obtained during the conversion into value-added products
more effectively. The following examples show that systematic efforts have been made by the scientific community.
Some cost-effective strategies to recycle biowaste for green
energy applications by converting them into high surface
area carbon (Liu et al. 2020), conversion of eggshell waste to
an adsorbent for contaminated water treatment (Mignardi
et al. 2020), increasing efficiency of biogas production using
nanoparticles (Shuttleworth et al. 2014), corn silk-derived
carbon after activation for Na-ion storage applications
(Vadivazhagan et al. 2018), application in sub- and supercritical water (Pavlovič et al. 2013), thermal hydrolysis
(Allegue et al. 2020), etc. are reported.
2 Methods of Bioconversion
2.1 Bioconversion Process and Its Importance
Bioconversion is also referred to as biotransformation,
which involves the transformation of organic materials
(biowastes) into valuable materials or renewable energy
resources via biological processes. This strategy signifies an
auspicious and eco-friendly choice to substitute the traditional chemical methods applied presently for the generation
of fuels and chemicals. Bioconversion processes mainly
focus on sustainable resources such as biowastes and pollutants, which are considered foremost feedstocks. However,
the feedstocks such as biomass (Periyasamy et al. 2018;
Nghiem et al. 2018; Xiu et al. 2017), wastewater (Ben et al.
2016; Filho et al. 2017), waste gases (Iswmaw et al. 2019;
Axelsson et al. 2012), solid waste (Scientific et al. 1981;
Mahboubi et al. 2017; Chalima et al. 2017), sludge (Smoliński et al. 2019), glycerol, and other biorefinery byproducts
Fig. 3 Projected waste
generation by region (millions of
tonnes/year). Adapted from (Kaza
et al. 2018)
4
A. M. Palve et al.