7. The ONI Vietnam report is available at http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/vietnam/ONI_Vietnam_Country
_Study.pdf.
8. We were not able to test in Cuba or North Korea. Both countries are reported to engage in pervasive filtering in
addition to curtailing access to the Internet. See ‘‘Going Online in Cuba: Internet under Surveillance,’’ http://
www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf, and Tom Zeller, ‘‘The Internet Black Hole That Is North Korea,’’ New
York Times, 23 October 2006.
9. There are two principal ISPs in China—one that covers the north and one the south. The smaller ISPs in China that
serve Internet users connect to the Internet backbone through one of these large ISPs.
10. It also demonstrates that the use of DNS tampering does not necessitate a lack of transparency in filtering. If it were
deemed important, users could be informed that the Web site they were seeking was being intentionally blocked.
11. See Shivam Vij, ‘‘Blog Blockade Will Be Lifted in 48 Hours,’’ Rediff India Abroad, http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/
jul/19blogs.htm.
12. Information on the compilation and estimation of the ‘‘rule of law’’ and ‘‘voice and accountability’’ measures are
available at the World Bank Governance and Anti-Corruption Web site, www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance. Their
definitions of these indicators are: ‘‘Voice and Accountability includes in it a number of indicators measuring various
aspects of the political process, civil liberties, political and human rights, measuring the extent to which citizens
of a country are able to participate in the selection of governments.’’ ‘‘Rule of Law includes several indicators which
measure the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society. These include perceptions of the incidence of crime, the effectiveness and predictability of the judiciary, and the enforceability of
contracts.’’
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27
_Study.pdf.
8. We were not able to test in Cuba or North Korea. Both countries are reported to engage in pervasive filtering in
addition to curtailing access to the Internet. See ‘‘Going Online in Cuba: Internet under Surveillance,’’ http://
www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf, and Tom Zeller, ‘‘The Internet Black Hole That Is North Korea,’’ New
York Times, 23 October 2006.
9. There are two principal ISPs in China—one that covers the north and one the south. The smaller ISPs in China that
serve Internet users connect to the Internet backbone through one of these large ISPs.
10. It also demonstrates that the use of DNS tampering does not necessitate a lack of transparency in filtering. If it were
deemed important, users could be informed that the Web site they were seeking was being intentionally blocked.
11. See Shivam Vij, ‘‘Blog Blockade Will Be Lifted in 48 Hours,’’ Rediff India Abroad, http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/
jul/19blogs.htm.
12. Information on the compilation and estimation of the ‘‘rule of law’’ and ‘‘voice and accountability’’ measures are
available at the World Bank Governance and Anti-Corruption Web site, www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance. Their
definitions of these indicators are: ‘‘Voice and Accountability includes in it a number of indicators measuring various
aspects of the political process, civil liberties, political and human rights, measuring the extent to which citizens
of a country are able to participate in the selection of governments.’’ ‘‘Rule of Law includes several indicators which
measure the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society. These include perceptions of the incidence of crime, the effectiveness and predictability of the judiciary, and the enforceability of
contracts.’’
Measuring Global Internet Filtering
27