NOTES
1. Gillian Wong, “China defends Web controls following
online protest,” Associated Press, November 8,
2006, http://news.com.com/China+We+dont+
censor+the+Internet.+Really/2100-1028_36130970.html.
2. Xinhua News Agency, “President Hu Jintao asks officials to better cope with Internet,” January 24, 2007,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/24/
content_5648674.htm.
3. Reporters Without Borders, “Cyber-Dissident gets
three-year sentence on day French President
arrives,” October 25, 2006, at http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=19435.
4. RConversation, “Online journalists in jail... and
Chinese innovation...” December 8, 2006,
http://rconversation.blogs.com/rconversation/
2006/12/online_journali.html.
5. China Internet Network Information Center,
Nineteenth Statistical Report on the Development of
the Internet in China (di shijiu zhongguo hulian wangluo fazhan zhuangkuang tongji baogao), issued
January 23, 2007 (in Chinese).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Analysis International, “China B2C E-Commerce
Market Size Reached RMB 854 million in Q1 2006,”
Report released May 26, 2006, Beijing, http://english.
analysys.com.cn/3class/detail.php?id=210&name=r
eport&daohang=%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E5%8
8%86%E6%9E%90&title=China%20B2C%20
E-Commerce%20Market%20Size%20Reached%
20RMB%20854%20Million%20in%20Q1%202006.
10. SinoCast China IT Watch, “Skype has over 25mn
users in China,” November 28, 2006.
11. Alison Maitlin, “Skype says texts are censored by
partner in China,” The Financial Times, April 18,
2006.
12. Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd., China:
Infrastructure: IP Networks, July 30, 2006.
13. SinoCast China IT Watch, “China to issue its first
VoIP license,” March 13, 2006.
14. China Internet Network Information Center,
Nineteenth Statistical Report on the Development of
the Internet in China, (di shijiu zhongguo hulian wangluo fazhan zhuangkuang tongji baogao), issued
January 23, 2007 (in Chinese).
15. Ministry of Public Security, “National Development
and Reform Commission issues national approval
for the ‘Golden Shield’ construction project at management conference,” (guojia fazgaiwei zhuchi
zhaokai dahui tongguo “jinzhi gongcheng” jianshe
xiangmu guojia yanshou), November 17, 2006,
http://www.mps.gov.cn/cenweb/brjlCenweb/jsp/
common/article.jsp?infoid=ABC00000000000035645.
See Greg Walton, China’s Golden Shield:
Corporations and the Development of Surveillance
Technology in the People’s Republic of China, a
Rights and Democracy Report, October 2001,
http://www.ichrdd.ca/english/commdoc/publications/
globalization/goldenShieldEng.html.
16. People’s Daily Online, “China has 20.8 million
bloggers,” January 11, 2007, http://english.people.
com.cn/200701/11/eng20070111_339952.
17. http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/
explaws.php#protectivelaws.
18. See Benjamin Liebman, “Watchdog or demagogue?
The media in the Chinese legal system,” The
Columbia Law Review, January 2005, p. 41.
19. See the Regulations of the People’s Republic of
China for the Safety Protection of Computer
Information Systems (Zhonghua renmin gongheguo
jisuanji xitong anquan baohu tiaoli), issued by the
State Council on February 18, 1994.
20. Xinhua News Agency, “Webcasting casts spell on
Chinese Internet users,” February 3, 2007,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/03/
content_800573.htm.
21. Xinhua News Agency, “China to issue new regulations to censor online video programs,” August 16,
2006.
22. Ibid.
23. Article 13, Rules on the Management of Internet
Electronic Bulletin Services (Hulianwang dianzi gonggao fuwu guanli guiding), issued by the Ministry of
Information Industry on October 7, 2000.
24. Articles 19, 21, and 23, Regulations on the
Administration of Business Sites Providing Internet
Services (Hulianwang shangwang fuwu guanye
changsuo guanli tiaolie), issued by the State Council
on September 29, 2002, effective November 15,
2002.
25. Ibid.
26. Article 20, Measures for Managing Internet
Information Services (Hulianwang xinxi fuwu guanli
banfa), issued by the State Council on September
25, 2000, effective October 1, 2000.
27. Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, Freedom of
Expression and the Internet in China, http://www.hrw.
org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm; Alfred
Hermida, “Behind China’s Internet red firewall,” BBC
News Online, September 3, 2002, http://news.bbc.
co.uk/1/low/technology/2234154.stm.
Country Summaries
269
1. Gillian Wong, “China defends Web controls following
online protest,” Associated Press, November 8,
2006, http://news.com.com/China+We+dont+
censor+the+Internet.+Really/2100-1028_36130970.html.
2. Xinhua News Agency, “President Hu Jintao asks officials to better cope with Internet,” January 24, 2007,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/24/
content_5648674.htm.
3. Reporters Without Borders, “Cyber-Dissident gets
three-year sentence on day French President
arrives,” October 25, 2006, at http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=19435.
4. RConversation, “Online journalists in jail... and
Chinese innovation...” December 8, 2006,
http://rconversation.blogs.com/rconversation/
2006/12/online_journali.html.
5. China Internet Network Information Center,
Nineteenth Statistical Report on the Development of
the Internet in China (di shijiu zhongguo hulian wangluo fazhan zhuangkuang tongji baogao), issued
January 23, 2007 (in Chinese).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Analysis International, “China B2C E-Commerce
Market Size Reached RMB 854 million in Q1 2006,”
Report released May 26, 2006, Beijing, http://english.
analysys.com.cn/3class/detail.php?id=210&name=r
eport&daohang=%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E5%8
8%86%E6%9E%90&title=China%20B2C%20
E-Commerce%20Market%20Size%20Reached%
20RMB%20854%20Million%20in%20Q1%202006.
10. SinoCast China IT Watch, “Skype has over 25mn
users in China,” November 28, 2006.
11. Alison Maitlin, “Skype says texts are censored by
partner in China,” The Financial Times, April 18,
2006.
12. Paul Budde Communications Pty Ltd., China:
Infrastructure: IP Networks, July 30, 2006.
13. SinoCast China IT Watch, “China to issue its first
VoIP license,” March 13, 2006.
14. China Internet Network Information Center,
Nineteenth Statistical Report on the Development of
the Internet in China, (di shijiu zhongguo hulian wangluo fazhan zhuangkuang tongji baogao), issued
January 23, 2007 (in Chinese).
15. Ministry of Public Security, “National Development
and Reform Commission issues national approval
for the ‘Golden Shield’ construction project at management conference,” (guojia fazgaiwei zhuchi
zhaokai dahui tongguo “jinzhi gongcheng” jianshe
xiangmu guojia yanshou), November 17, 2006,
http://www.mps.gov.cn/cenweb/brjlCenweb/jsp/
common/article.jsp?infoid=ABC00000000000035645.
See Greg Walton, China’s Golden Shield:
Corporations and the Development of Surveillance
Technology in the People’s Republic of China, a
Rights and Democracy Report, October 2001,
http://www.ichrdd.ca/english/commdoc/publications/
globalization/goldenShieldEng.html.
16. People’s Daily Online, “China has 20.8 million
bloggers,” January 11, 2007, http://english.people.
com.cn/200701/11/eng20070111_339952.
17. http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/exp/
explaws.php#protectivelaws.
18. See Benjamin Liebman, “Watchdog or demagogue?
The media in the Chinese legal system,” The
Columbia Law Review, January 2005, p. 41.
19. See the Regulations of the People’s Republic of
China for the Safety Protection of Computer
Information Systems (Zhonghua renmin gongheguo
jisuanji xitong anquan baohu tiaoli), issued by the
State Council on February 18, 1994.
20. Xinhua News Agency, “Webcasting casts spell on
Chinese Internet users,” February 3, 2007,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/03/
content_800573.htm.
21. Xinhua News Agency, “China to issue new regulations to censor online video programs,” August 16,
2006.
22. Ibid.
23. Article 13, Rules on the Management of Internet
Electronic Bulletin Services (Hulianwang dianzi gonggao fuwu guanli guiding), issued by the Ministry of
Information Industry on October 7, 2000.
24. Articles 19, 21, and 23, Regulations on the
Administration of Business Sites Providing Internet
Services (Hulianwang shangwang fuwu guanye
changsuo guanli tiaolie), issued by the State Council
on September 29, 2002, effective November 15,
2002.
25. Ibid.
26. Article 20, Measures for Managing Internet
Information Services (Hulianwang xinxi fuwu guanli
banfa), issued by the State Council on September
25, 2000, effective October 1, 2000.
27. Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, Freedom of
Expression and the Internet in China, http://www.hrw.
org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm; Alfred
Hermida, “Behind China’s Internet red firewall,” BBC
News Online, September 3, 2002, http://news.bbc.
co.uk/1/low/technology/2234154.stm.
Country Summaries
269