is also necessary to note that the Appendixes of the Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) refer to certain marine living species.
96
4.3 Features of RECs
4.3.1 Africa
The Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the
Marine and Coastal Environment of the Western Indian Ocean (Nairobi Convention)
was signed on 21 June1985 and entered into force on 30 May 1996 as a part of
UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme with the following associated instruments: the
Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Marine Pollution in Cases of
Emergency in the Eastern African Region, adopted 21 June 1985 and entered into
force on 30 May 1996; the Action Plan for the Protection, Management, and
Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region,
adopted on 21 June 1985; and the Protocol Concerning Protected Areas and Wild
Fauna and Flora in the Eastern African Region, adopted on 21 June 1985 and entered
into force on 30 May 1996.
97 Afterwards, the Convention for the Protection,
Management, and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the
Eastern African Region was adopted on 30 May 1996 and the Protocol for the
Protection of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Western Indian Ocean
from Land-Based Sources and Activities was adopted on 31 March 2010.
98 The
Nairobi Convention was amended on 31 March 2010.
99
last few decades to include a much wider range of measures to prevent marine pollution. The
original MARPOL Convention was amended many times to include requirements addressing
pollution from chemicals, other harmful substances, garbage, sewage by Annexes I–V. Annex VI
which was adopted in 1997 and entered into force on 19 May 2005) is on the air pollution and
emissions from ships and the rules have been developed through its Annexes in order to respond to
the new problems. See http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Inter
national-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx.
O n
13 February 2004, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast
Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted by consensus at a Diplomatic Conference
held at IMO Headquarters in London; see http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/
BallastWaterManagement/Pages/BWMConventionandGuidelines.aspx. The Convention entered
into force on 8 September 2017. For the regulation of ship recycling, the Hong Kong International
Convention for the State and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009 (Hong Kong
Convention) was adopted at a diplomatic conference held in Hong Kong, China; see http://www.
imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/ShipRecycling/Pages/Default.aspx.
96 See https://www.cms.int/en/convention-text and https://www.cms.int/en/page/appendix-i-ii-cms.
97 See https://www.unenvironment.org/nairobiconvention/who-we-are.
98 See https://www.unenvironment.org/nairobiconvention/who-we-are/legal-and-policy-instruments.
99 The text of the amended Nairobi Convention is available at https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/
handle/20.500.11822/21167/UNEP-DEPI-EAF.CP.7Inf4a%20Amended%Nairobi%Convention.
pdf?sequence¼1&isAllowed¼y.
2 Implementation of the Rules of the UNCLOS Through Universal and Regional. . .
27
Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) refer to certain marine living species.
96
4.3 Features of RECs
4.3.1 Africa
The Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the
Marine and Coastal Environment of the Western Indian Ocean (Nairobi Convention)
was signed on 21 June1985 and entered into force on 30 May 1996 as a part of
UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme with the following associated instruments: the
Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Marine Pollution in Cases of
Emergency in the Eastern African Region, adopted 21 June 1985 and entered into
force on 30 May 1996; the Action Plan for the Protection, Management, and
Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region,
adopted on 21 June 1985; and the Protocol Concerning Protected Areas and Wild
Fauna and Flora in the Eastern African Region, adopted on 21 June 1985 and entered
into force on 30 May 1996.
97 Afterwards, the Convention for the Protection,
Management, and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the
Eastern African Region was adopted on 30 May 1996 and the Protocol for the
Protection of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Western Indian Ocean
from Land-Based Sources and Activities was adopted on 31 March 2010.
98 The
Nairobi Convention was amended on 31 March 2010.
99
last few decades to include a much wider range of measures to prevent marine pollution. The
original MARPOL Convention was amended many times to include requirements addressing
pollution from chemicals, other harmful substances, garbage, sewage by Annexes I–V. Annex VI
which was adopted in 1997 and entered into force on 19 May 2005) is on the air pollution and
emissions from ships and the rules have been developed through its Annexes in order to respond to
the new problems. See http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/Inter
national-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx.
O n
13 February 2004, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast
Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted by consensus at a Diplomatic Conference
held at IMO Headquarters in London; see http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/
BallastWaterManagement/Pages/BWMConventionandGuidelines.aspx. The Convention entered
into force on 8 September 2017. For the regulation of ship recycling, the Hong Kong International
Convention for the State and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships, 2009 (Hong Kong
Convention) was adopted at a diplomatic conference held in Hong Kong, China; see http://www.
imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/ShipRecycling/Pages/Default.aspx.
96 See https://www.cms.int/en/convention-text and https://www.cms.int/en/page/appendix-i-ii-cms.
97 See https://www.unenvironment.org/nairobiconvention/who-we-are.
98 See https://www.unenvironment.org/nairobiconvention/who-we-are/legal-and-policy-instruments.
99 The text of the amended Nairobi Convention is available at https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/
handle/20.500.11822/21167/UNEP-DEPI-EAF.CP.7Inf4a%20Amended%Nairobi%Convention.
pdf?sequence¼1&isAllowed¼y.
2 Implementation of the Rules of the UNCLOS Through Universal and Regional. . .
27