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J. Lin
organic feature of ecosystem maintains the commonality and complementarity of
human aesthetics and guard the peculiarity and differentiation of various species.”
Nature is man’s “inorganic body.” Man relies on nature for existence. On the one
hand, man acts on nature, changes it and humanizes it. On the other hand, nature
acts on man, makes them learn its “wisdom,” improves their quality and essential
strength, and naturalizes them. This is a unitary process.
2. Diversity, peace, balance and inclusiveness
The ecosystem features diversity, so does human culture. They can accommodate
each other.
Biodiversity includes the diversity of ecosystems, species and heredity. It plays
an irreplaceable role in maintaining eco-balance and protecting the ecological environment. The diversity of ecosystem refers to the totality of different ecological
environments, biocenoses and bio-ecological processes. There are 27 categories of
ecosystems with a total of 460 types on land alone.
Although biological beings and ecosystems are of different organizational levels,
they cannot be separated, nor can they exist independent of each other.
The second principle proposed by Commoner is: Nature knows best—this is the
principle of ecosophy. In ecological evolution, “those possible arrangements that
cannot co-exist in totality would be phased out during the long process of evolution.
As such, an existing biological structure, or a known structure of natural ecosystem,
is, as per common sense, the ‘best.’”
Arne Naess said, “What we need today is an extremely expansive ecological
mindset that I call ecosophy. Ecosophy, or deep ecology, involves a shift from science
to wisdom.” Naess is an advocate of cultural pluralism and ideological pluralism,
which he believes can enhance the movement of deep ecology as pluralism means
inclusiveness.
Without diversity, individual parts cannot form an entity capable of growth,
development, self-repair and self-creation; without integration, different components
cannot combine into a dynamic functional structure.
Ecosystem is in an orderly structure, in which the interactions among different
organizational levels demonstrate its functional order.
3. Mutual respect, equality and interaction
Nature and man are equal in the ecosystem. They act upon each other. The rights of
nature are equal.
Man should respect nature and show it necessary reverence instead of plundering
and destroying it. Man should not only develop and utilize nature, but also protect
and build the natural ecology. We should abandon the idea of man controlling and
dominating nature, and realize that man and everything in nature are equal and must
co-exist in harmony.
The third ecological principle proposed by Commoner is: there is no such thing
as a free lunch, which is the principle of “ecological cost.” “This warns people that
every acquisition comes at a cost because the ecosystem on earth is an interconnected
J. Lin
organic feature of ecosystem maintains the commonality and complementarity of
human aesthetics and guard the peculiarity and differentiation of various species.”
Nature is man’s “inorganic body.” Man relies on nature for existence. On the one
hand, man acts on nature, changes it and humanizes it. On the other hand, nature
acts on man, makes them learn its “wisdom,” improves their quality and essential
strength, and naturalizes them. This is a unitary process.
2. Diversity, peace, balance and inclusiveness
The ecosystem features diversity, so does human culture. They can accommodate
each other.
Biodiversity includes the diversity of ecosystems, species and heredity. It plays
an irreplaceable role in maintaining eco-balance and protecting the ecological environment. The diversity of ecosystem refers to the totality of different ecological
environments, biocenoses and bio-ecological processes. There are 27 categories of
ecosystems with a total of 460 types on land alone.
Although biological beings and ecosystems are of different organizational levels,
they cannot be separated, nor can they exist independent of each other.
The second principle proposed by Commoner is: Nature knows best—this is the
principle of ecosophy. In ecological evolution, “those possible arrangements that
cannot co-exist in totality would be phased out during the long process of evolution.
As such, an existing biological structure, or a known structure of natural ecosystem,
is, as per common sense, the ‘best.’”
Arne Naess said, “What we need today is an extremely expansive ecological
mindset that I call ecosophy. Ecosophy, or deep ecology, involves a shift from science
to wisdom.” Naess is an advocate of cultural pluralism and ideological pluralism,
which he believes can enhance the movement of deep ecology as pluralism means
inclusiveness.
Without diversity, individual parts cannot form an entity capable of growth,
development, self-repair and self-creation; without integration, different components
cannot combine into a dynamic functional structure.
Ecosystem is in an orderly structure, in which the interactions among different
organizational levels demonstrate its functional order.
3. Mutual respect, equality and interaction
Nature and man are equal in the ecosystem. They act upon each other. The rights of
nature are equal.
Man should respect nature and show it necessary reverence instead of plundering
and destroying it. Man should not only develop and utilize nature, but also protect
and build the natural ecology. We should abandon the idea of man controlling and
dominating nature, and realize that man and everything in nature are equal and must
co-exist in harmony.
The third ecological principle proposed by Commoner is: there is no such thing
as a free lunch, which is the principle of “ecological cost.” “This warns people that
every acquisition comes at a cost because the ecosystem on earth is an interconnected