2.2 Materials and Methods
29
2.2.2.3 Characterization Studies of the Prepared Beads
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed utilizing a Shimadzu FTIR
model 8300 Kyoto, Japan; the spectra was collected in the 450–4500 cm
−1 range.
A Shimadzu XRD model 7000 was applied in exploring the crystalline nature of
the beads, and the intensities were reported in the range of 10–90
o (2θ ). The mass
loss of the beads was analyzed with a Shimadzu TGA 8000 Japan as a measure
of temperatures. The SEM study was made by coating the beads with gold, and a
JEOL 733 superprobe was used to study the morphology of the coated membranes.
Applying a coupled Micromeritics (Australia) Tristar 3000 analyzer, BET surface
area, pore length and pore size were measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The
solubility of the different beads formed in acid solution was calculated in solutions
with 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl. Briefly, 10.0 g of wet beads were placed into each of
the many 250 mL volumetric flask comprising solutions of various concentrations of
acids. The flasks were held at 120 rpm for 24 h in a Labcon incubator. The components
of each flask were filtered, and the weight of the remaining beads was calculated.
The beads are called soluble when the weight loss is >5% and insoluble when the
weight loss is 6%.
2.3 Adsorption Experiment
100 mL of a constant amount of G/CR-CS was introduced into each flask in a series
of Erlenmeyer flask. The impact of physical and chemical variables was examined
based on the following criteria: pH (2–8), contact time (10–80) min, adsorbent dose
(2–10) mg, temperature (25–55) °C, mixing rate (50–250) RPM and ionic strength
(0.01–0.20) M.
2.3.1 Isotherm Studies
Isotherm experiments were performed by passing 8 mg of G/CR-CS, accordingly into
a collection of 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, and every flask was packed with 100 mL
metal solution with initial concentrations of 40–160 mg/L. The initial concentrations
were prepared from a stock. The Erlenmeyer flasks were placed in a Labcon incubator
for 60 min, and the stirring speed was at 150 rpm in other to reach equilibrium.
Thermodynamics was performed at an initial concentration of 40 mg/L.
29
2.2.2.3 Characterization Studies of the Prepared Beads
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed utilizing a Shimadzu FTIR
model 8300 Kyoto, Japan; the spectra was collected in the 450–4500 cm
−1 range.
A Shimadzu XRD model 7000 was applied in exploring the crystalline nature of
the beads, and the intensities were reported in the range of 10–90
o (2θ ). The mass
loss of the beads was analyzed with a Shimadzu TGA 8000 Japan as a measure
of temperatures. The SEM study was made by coating the beads with gold, and a
JEOL 733 superprobe was used to study the morphology of the coated membranes.
Applying a coupled Micromeritics (Australia) Tristar 3000 analyzer, BET surface
area, pore length and pore size were measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The
solubility of the different beads formed in acid solution was calculated in solutions
with 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl. Briefly, 10.0 g of wet beads were placed into each of
the many 250 mL volumetric flask comprising solutions of various concentrations of
acids. The flasks were held at 120 rpm for 24 h in a Labcon incubator. The components
of each flask were filtered, and the weight of the remaining beads was calculated.
The beads are called soluble when the weight loss is >5% and insoluble when the
weight loss is 6%.
2.3 Adsorption Experiment
100 mL of a constant amount of G/CR-CS was introduced into each flask in a series
of Erlenmeyer flask. The impact of physical and chemical variables was examined
based on the following criteria: pH (2–8), contact time (10–80) min, adsorbent dose
(2–10) mg, temperature (25–55) °C, mixing rate (50–250) RPM and ionic strength
(0.01–0.20) M.
2.3.1 Isotherm Studies
Isotherm experiments were performed by passing 8 mg of G/CR-CS, accordingly into
a collection of 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, and every flask was packed with 100 mL
metal solution with initial concentrations of 40–160 mg/L. The initial concentrations
were prepared from a stock. The Erlenmeyer flasks were placed in a Labcon incubator
for 60 min, and the stirring speed was at 150 rpm in other to reach equilibrium.
Thermodynamics was performed at an initial concentration of 40 mg/L.