Chapter 2
Thermodynamics, Kinetics
and Desorption Studies of Heavy Metal
Ions by Grafted Cross-Linked Chitosan
Beads Composites
Abstract Functionalized grafted cross-linked chitosan bead (G/CR-CS), prepared
from pure chitosan for the removal of scavenging metal ions from aqueous solutions,
has been studied. The modified material was then characterized using FTIR, SEM,
TGA, BET and XRD to assert successful modification. Parameters such as effect of
contact time, pH and temperature were investigated to determine their physicochemical properties for the maximum removal of metal ions using batch applications. The
results indicated that adsorption performance of the modified chitosan beads can
be modelled efficiently using Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic.
Also, calculated thermodynamic parameters (G
0 , H
0 and S
0 ) indicated that the
adsorption of metal ions onto the grafted cross-linked chitosan is spontaneous and
endothermic in nature.
2.1 Introduction
Water polluted with heavy metal ions has been reported to be threats to living
organism [2]. Impacts from increasing industrial activities, rapid urbanization and
natural or geological processes are the resultant source of the pollution. As a
result, industries discharge their trace metal containing effluents into the environment without adequate treatments. Such metals include arsenic, lead, cadmium,
aluminium, nickel, mercury, chromium, cobalt, zinc and selenium [3–5]. In the environment, most heavy metals do not experience degradation [6], but instead they
bioaccumulate for a very long time [7]. So, when heavy metals do not degrade or
metabolized by the body and accumulates, they became highly toxic even in trace
amount. It has therefore been reported that exposure to heavy metal ion pollutants
at considerable level may cause dermatitis, coughing, severe bronchitis, nausea,
gastro-intestinal distress, lungs disorder, diarrhoea, circulatory collapse, intravascular hemolysis, renal failure, nephritis, fever, vertigo, vomiting, epigastric pain,
acute multisystem organ failure, comma and even death depending on the level of
Portions of this chapter have been reproduced from Igberase et al. [1] with kind permission from
Elsevier
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
E. Igberase et al., Enhanced Chitosan Material for Water Treatment,
Engineering Materials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71722-3_2
25
Thermodynamics, Kinetics
and Desorption Studies of Heavy Metal
Ions by Grafted Cross-Linked Chitosan
Beads Composites
Abstract Functionalized grafted cross-linked chitosan bead (G/CR-CS), prepared
from pure chitosan for the removal of scavenging metal ions from aqueous solutions,
has been studied. The modified material was then characterized using FTIR, SEM,
TGA, BET and XRD to assert successful modification. Parameters such as effect of
contact time, pH and temperature were investigated to determine their physicochemical properties for the maximum removal of metal ions using batch applications. The
results indicated that adsorption performance of the modified chitosan beads can
be modelled efficiently using Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic.
Also, calculated thermodynamic parameters (G
0 , H
0 and S
0 ) indicated that the
adsorption of metal ions onto the grafted cross-linked chitosan is spontaneous and
endothermic in nature.
2.1 Introduction
Water polluted with heavy metal ions has been reported to be threats to living
organism [2]. Impacts from increasing industrial activities, rapid urbanization and
natural or geological processes are the resultant source of the pollution. As a
result, industries discharge their trace metal containing effluents into the environment without adequate treatments. Such metals include arsenic, lead, cadmium,
aluminium, nickel, mercury, chromium, cobalt, zinc and selenium [3–5]. In the environment, most heavy metals do not experience degradation [6], but instead they
bioaccumulate for a very long time [7]. So, when heavy metals do not degrade or
metabolized by the body and accumulates, they became highly toxic even in trace
amount. It has therefore been reported that exposure to heavy metal ion pollutants
at considerable level may cause dermatitis, coughing, severe bronchitis, nausea,
gastro-intestinal distress, lungs disorder, diarrhoea, circulatory collapse, intravascular hemolysis, renal failure, nephritis, fever, vertigo, vomiting, epigastric pain,
acute multisystem organ failure, comma and even death depending on the level of
Portions of this chapter have been reproduced from Igberase et al. [1] with kind permission from
Elsevier
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
E. Igberase et al., Enhanced Chitosan Material for Water Treatment,
Engineering Materials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71722-3_2
25