1.4 Crucial Factors Affecting Adsorption of Metal Ions onto Adsorbent
15
rise, whereas the removal efficiency of lead by zeolite was increased significantly as
temperature rises from 296 to 318 K.
The influence of temperature on the adsorption capacity of copper ion on activated
carbon acquired from palm kernel fibre at a temperature range of 299–399 K was
explored by Ho and Ofomaja [137]. Findings from the research demonstrated significant increase in copper ion adsorption capability as the temperature of the reaction
is elevated from 299 to 399 K. Workers related the finding to enhanced copper ion
mobility as the temperature rises. They also mentioned that the interaction of copper
ions and surface functional groups is improved by higher heating rate and that the
correlation (rise in adsorption ability with higher temperature) indicates a chemical
or activated adsorption process between Cu(II) ions and functional groups on palm
kernel fibre.
1.4.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
It is crucial to get an appropriate amount of the adsorbent to optimize the interaction between metal ions and adsorption sites of the adsorbent. On this note, several
researchers have studied the impacts of the adsorbent dosage on metal ion adsorption. Zhou et al. [138] recorded that adsorption of Cr(VI) in chitosan/attapulgite
composite material improved from 77.7 to 95.0% with rising dose from 0.01 to
0.10 g, whereas optimum adsorption efficiency (mg/g) reduced. A rise in the adsorbent dose can enhance the number of adsorption sites accessible, leading to increased
efficiency of removal. Consequently, when the adsorbents adsorbed almost all of the
heavy metals in the aqueous solutions, the amount of unused effective adsorption
sites increased, resulting in a reduction in adsorption potential of the adsorbents.
Adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) on magnetic ethyl diamine tetra acetic acidmodified chitosan SiO 2 /Fe3O 4 adsorbent was examined with rising dose from 0.5 to
0.5 g/L [139]. The researchers found that the efficiency of removal improved dramatically with dose increases from 0.5 to 1.0 g/L and then attained a steady state, but
the adsorption potential has no substantial improvements in the range from 0.5 to
1.0 g/L and then reduces noticeably. In a study conducted on the adsorption of Cd(II)
and Pb(II) by polyaniline grafted cross-linking chitosan beads, when the dose was
varied from 1.5 to 6.5 g/L [140]. They reported that the removal capacity improved
markedly from 1.5 to 4.5 g/L and then approached a steady state, which could be
due to rising accessible sites.
1.4.4 Effect of Contact Time and Initial Concentration
The time required for metal ions to achieve equilibrium in the experimental study is
of high significance, since it relies on the process utilized. Therefore, it is crucial to
analyze the stability analysis on this device within different design parameters [141].
15
rise, whereas the removal efficiency of lead by zeolite was increased significantly as
temperature rises from 296 to 318 K.
The influence of temperature on the adsorption capacity of copper ion on activated
carbon acquired from palm kernel fibre at a temperature range of 299–399 K was
explored by Ho and Ofomaja [137]. Findings from the research demonstrated significant increase in copper ion adsorption capability as the temperature of the reaction
is elevated from 299 to 399 K. Workers related the finding to enhanced copper ion
mobility as the temperature rises. They also mentioned that the interaction of copper
ions and surface functional groups is improved by higher heating rate and that the
correlation (rise in adsorption ability with higher temperature) indicates a chemical
or activated adsorption process between Cu(II) ions and functional groups on palm
kernel fibre.
1.4.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
It is crucial to get an appropriate amount of the adsorbent to optimize the interaction between metal ions and adsorption sites of the adsorbent. On this note, several
researchers have studied the impacts of the adsorbent dosage on metal ion adsorption. Zhou et al. [138] recorded that adsorption of Cr(VI) in chitosan/attapulgite
composite material improved from 77.7 to 95.0% with rising dose from 0.01 to
0.10 g, whereas optimum adsorption efficiency (mg/g) reduced. A rise in the adsorbent dose can enhance the number of adsorption sites accessible, leading to increased
efficiency of removal. Consequently, when the adsorbents adsorbed almost all of the
heavy metals in the aqueous solutions, the amount of unused effective adsorption
sites increased, resulting in a reduction in adsorption potential of the adsorbents.
Adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) on magnetic ethyl diamine tetra acetic acidmodified chitosan SiO 2 /Fe3O 4 adsorbent was examined with rising dose from 0.5 to
0.5 g/L [139]. The researchers found that the efficiency of removal improved dramatically with dose increases from 0.5 to 1.0 g/L and then attained a steady state, but
the adsorption potential has no substantial improvements in the range from 0.5 to
1.0 g/L and then reduces noticeably. In a study conducted on the adsorption of Cd(II)
and Pb(II) by polyaniline grafted cross-linking chitosan beads, when the dose was
varied from 1.5 to 6.5 g/L [140]. They reported that the removal capacity improved
markedly from 1.5 to 4.5 g/L and then approached a steady state, which could be
due to rising accessible sites.
1.4.4 Effect of Contact Time and Initial Concentration
The time required for metal ions to achieve equilibrium in the experimental study is
of high significance, since it relies on the process utilized. Therefore, it is crucial to
analyze the stability analysis on this device within different design parameters [141].