112
5 Biopolymer Chitosan Membranes Prepared from Fishery Waste …
shown that the adsorption mechanism is however kinetically regulated, with the nonstable state adsorption decreasing from 1.91 to 1.30 mmol g
−1 , as the membrane flux
raised from 2 to 55 L m
−2 hr
−1 . It has also been demonstrated that co-ions influence
the adsorption of metal ions by chitosan membranes, and the solution’s pH. The
adsorption is restricted by nitrates and increased by sulphates. The optimal pH for
chitosan membrane adsorption of Zn(II) was observed to be lesser than pH 6.
The adsorption of metal ions from the solution using this membrane layout results
in a high metal-ion loaded membrane that can be regained by rinsing the chitosan
membranes with an acidic solution. As the pH of the regeneration mixture was
reduced from a pH of 6 to a pH of 2, Zn(II) was extracted to an efficiency of 90%
while the chitosan membranes were regenerated. Nevertheless, recovery led to a
decline in the adsorption potential of the chitosan membranes, primarily due to a
mass loss of up to 11% of the membrane. The mechanical strength of the membrane
was lost after two adsorption–desorption cycles, and the mechanical strength of the
membrane was lost, and the membrane could not undergo regeneration.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Water Research Commission, South Africa,
for its financial support.
References
1. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Adsorption of metal ions by microwave assisted grafting
of cross-linked chitosan beads. Equilibrium, isotherm, thermodynamic and desorption studies.
Appl. Organomet. Chem. (2017)
2. F. Bouhamed, Z. Elouear, J. Bouzid, Adsorptive removal of copper(II) from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from Tunisian date stones: equilibrium, kinetics and
thermodynamics. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 43(5), 741–749 (2012)
3. P.O. Osifo, H.W.J.P. Neomagus, H. van der Merwe, D.J. Branken, Transport properties
of chitosan membranes for zinc (II) removal from aqueous systems. Sep. Purif. Technol.
179(February), 428–437 (2017)
4. M.L. Cervera, M.C. Arnal, M. De La Guardia, Removal of heavy metals by using adsorption
on alumina or chitosan. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375(6), 820–825 (2003)
5. G. Rojas, J. Silva, J.A. Flores, A. Rodriguez, M. Ly, H. Maldonado, Adsorption of chromium
onto cross-linked chitosan. Sep. Purif. Technol. 44(1), 31–36 (2005)
6. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Mathematical modelling of Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 6+
and Cd 2+ ions adsorption from a synthetic acid mine drainage onto chitosan derivative in a
packed bed column. Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom) (2017)
7. W.S.W. Ngah, S. Ab Ghani, A. Kamari, Adsorption behaviour of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions in
aqueous solution on chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads. Bioresour. Technol. 96(4) (2005),
pp. 443–450
8. G. Li, B. Shen, Y. Wang, S. Yue, Y. Xi, M. An, K. Ren, Comparative study of element mercury
removal by three bio-chars from various solid wastes. Fuel 145, 189–195 (2015)
9. S. Nagireddi, V. Katiyar, R. Uppaluri, Pd(II) adsorption characteristics of glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan copolymer resin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 94, 72–84 (2017)
10. E. Guibal, Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review. Sep. Purif. Technol.
38(1), 43–74 (2004)
11. P.O. Osifo, A. Webster, H. van der Merwe, H.W.J.P. Neomagus, M.A. van der Gun, D.M. Grant,
The influence of the degree of cross-linking on the adsorption properties of chitosan beads.
Bioresour. Technol. 99(15), 7377–7382 (2008)
5 Biopolymer Chitosan Membranes Prepared from Fishery Waste …
shown that the adsorption mechanism is however kinetically regulated, with the nonstable state adsorption decreasing from 1.91 to 1.30 mmol g
−1 , as the membrane flux
raised from 2 to 55 L m
−2 hr
−1 . It has also been demonstrated that co-ions influence
the adsorption of metal ions by chitosan membranes, and the solution’s pH. The
adsorption is restricted by nitrates and increased by sulphates. The optimal pH for
chitosan membrane adsorption of Zn(II) was observed to be lesser than pH 6.
The adsorption of metal ions from the solution using this membrane layout results
in a high metal-ion loaded membrane that can be regained by rinsing the chitosan
membranes with an acidic solution. As the pH of the regeneration mixture was
reduced from a pH of 6 to a pH of 2, Zn(II) was extracted to an efficiency of 90%
while the chitosan membranes were regenerated. Nevertheless, recovery led to a
decline in the adsorption potential of the chitosan membranes, primarily due to a
mass loss of up to 11% of the membrane. The mechanical strength of the membrane
was lost after two adsorption–desorption cycles, and the mechanical strength of the
membrane was lost, and the membrane could not undergo regeneration.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Water Research Commission, South Africa,
for its financial support.
References
1. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Adsorption of metal ions by microwave assisted grafting
of cross-linked chitosan beads. Equilibrium, isotherm, thermodynamic and desorption studies.
Appl. Organomet. Chem. (2017)
2. F. Bouhamed, Z. Elouear, J. Bouzid, Adsorptive removal of copper(II) from aqueous solutions on activated carbon prepared from Tunisian date stones: equilibrium, kinetics and
thermodynamics. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 43(5), 741–749 (2012)
3. P.O. Osifo, H.W.J.P. Neomagus, H. van der Merwe, D.J. Branken, Transport properties
of chitosan membranes for zinc (II) removal from aqueous systems. Sep. Purif. Technol.
179(February), 428–437 (2017)
4. M.L. Cervera, M.C. Arnal, M. De La Guardia, Removal of heavy metals by using adsorption
on alumina or chitosan. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375(6), 820–825 (2003)
5. G. Rojas, J. Silva, J.A. Flores, A. Rodriguez, M. Ly, H. Maldonado, Adsorption of chromium
onto cross-linked chitosan. Sep. Purif. Technol. 44(1), 31–36 (2005)
6. E. Igberase, P. Osifo, A. Ofomaja, Mathematical modelling of Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 6+
and Cd 2+ ions adsorption from a synthetic acid mine drainage onto chitosan derivative in a
packed bed column. Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom) (2017)
7. W.S.W. Ngah, S. Ab Ghani, A. Kamari, Adsorption behaviour of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions in
aqueous solution on chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads. Bioresour. Technol. 96(4) (2005),
pp. 443–450
8. G. Li, B. Shen, Y. Wang, S. Yue, Y. Xi, M. An, K. Ren, Comparative study of element mercury
removal by three bio-chars from various solid wastes. Fuel 145, 189–195 (2015)
9. S. Nagireddi, V. Katiyar, R. Uppaluri, Pd(II) adsorption characteristics of glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan copolymer resin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 94, 72–84 (2017)
10. E. Guibal, Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review. Sep. Purif. Technol.
38(1), 43–74 (2004)
11. P.O. Osifo, A. Webster, H. van der Merwe, H.W.J.P. Neomagus, M.A. van der Gun, D.M. Grant,
The influence of the degree of cross-linking on the adsorption properties of chitosan beads.
Bioresour. Technol. 99(15), 7377–7382 (2008)