208
AdAptAtion in the Age of MediA ConvergenCe
– Wolfenstein 3D (1992; 11 discussed in this chapter including its
1993 SNES version), 12
– Spear of Destiny (1992; 13 discussed in this chapter),
– Return to Castle Wolfenstein (2001; 14 discussed in this chapter
including its 2001 German version), 15
– Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory (2003; not discussed in this chapter),
– Wolfenstein RPG (2008; discussed in this chapter) for smartphones, 16
– Wolfenstein (2009; discussed in this chapter), 17
– Wolfenstein: The New Order (2014; discussed in this chapter), 18
– Wolfenstein: The Old Blood (2015; discussed in this chapter), 19 and
– Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (2017; not discussed in this
chapter). 20
Different types of media products can be subject to different laws or rating
systems, limiting their permitted content or constraining their availability
to audiences below a certain age. Trade associations such as the Motion
Picture Association of America’s f ilm rating system and other limited
companies established by the relevant trade associations conduct such
self-regulation. An example of this is the rating system of the Entertainment
Software Self-Regulation Body (Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle
GmbH, hereafter USK), which is applied to video games. In addition to a
certain medium’s aesthetic possibilities and boundaries, internationally
distributed media products face further constraints. In this case, institutions
such as self-regulation bodies function as gatekeepers for the distribution
of media products.
Media companies consider such constraints when designing their products
with certain target audiences in mind and when localizing their products to
11 Inc. id Software, Wolfenstein 3D (Apogee Software, Limited, 1992).
12 Inc. id Software, Wolfenstein 3D (Imagineer Co., Limited, 1993).
13 Inc. id Software, Spear of Destiny (FormGen Corp., 1992).
14 Gray Matter Interactive Studios, Inc. et al., Return to Castle Wolfenstein (Activision UK,
Limited, 2001)
15 Gray Matter Interactive Studios, Inc. et al., Return to Castle Wolfenstein (Activision
Deutschland GmbH, 2001).
16 id Mobile, Wolfenstein RPG (Apple, Inc., 2009).
17 Inc. Raven Software et al., Wolfenstein (Activision Publishing, Inc., 2009).
18 Bethesda Game Studios et al., Wolfenstein: The New Order (Bethesda Softworks, L.L.C.,
2014).
19 MachineGames et al., Wolfenstein: The Old Blood (Bethesda Softworks, L.L.C., 2015).
20 Bethesda Game Studios et al., Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (Bethesda Softworks, L.L.C.,
2017).
AdAptAtion in the Age of MediA ConvergenCe
– Wolfenstein 3D (1992; 11 discussed in this chapter including its
1993 SNES version), 12
– Spear of Destiny (1992; 13 discussed in this chapter),
– Return to Castle Wolfenstein (2001; 14 discussed in this chapter
including its 2001 German version), 15
– Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory (2003; not discussed in this chapter),
– Wolfenstein RPG (2008; discussed in this chapter) for smartphones, 16
– Wolfenstein (2009; discussed in this chapter), 17
– Wolfenstein: The New Order (2014; discussed in this chapter), 18
– Wolfenstein: The Old Blood (2015; discussed in this chapter), 19 and
– Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (2017; not discussed in this
chapter). 20
Different types of media products can be subject to different laws or rating
systems, limiting their permitted content or constraining their availability
to audiences below a certain age. Trade associations such as the Motion
Picture Association of America’s f ilm rating system and other limited
companies established by the relevant trade associations conduct such
self-regulation. An example of this is the rating system of the Entertainment
Software Self-Regulation Body (Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle
GmbH, hereafter USK), which is applied to video games. In addition to a
certain medium’s aesthetic possibilities and boundaries, internationally
distributed media products face further constraints. In this case, institutions
such as self-regulation bodies function as gatekeepers for the distribution
of media products.
Media companies consider such constraints when designing their products
with certain target audiences in mind and when localizing their products to
11 Inc. id Software, Wolfenstein 3D (Apogee Software, Limited, 1992).
12 Inc. id Software, Wolfenstein 3D (Imagineer Co., Limited, 1993).
13 Inc. id Software, Spear of Destiny (FormGen Corp., 1992).
14 Gray Matter Interactive Studios, Inc. et al., Return to Castle Wolfenstein (Activision UK,
Limited, 2001)
15 Gray Matter Interactive Studios, Inc. et al., Return to Castle Wolfenstein (Activision
Deutschland GmbH, 2001).
16 id Mobile, Wolfenstein RPG (Apple, Inc., 2009).
17 Inc. Raven Software et al., Wolfenstein (Activision Publishing, Inc., 2009).
18 Bethesda Game Studios et al., Wolfenstein: The New Order (Bethesda Softworks, L.L.C.,
2014).
19 MachineGames et al., Wolfenstein: The Old Blood (Bethesda Softworks, L.L.C., 2015).
20 Bethesda Game Studios et al., Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (Bethesda Softworks, L.L.C.,
2017).