55
or mMK and successfully applied in water resource (Markus et al. 2013; Haktanir
and Citakoglu 2014; Ay and Kisi 2015; Kisi 2015; Onyutha 2016; Cui et al. 2017; Wu
and Qian 2017). However, these methods have some restrictive supposition such as
required independent data, the normality of circulation and length of time series data.
3.2 Description of the Study Area
Bangladesh and India are considered as the tropical monsoon country of south-east
Asia, which is particularly well known for agricultural production. The whole study
area lies between latitudes 8° 04′ north to 37° 06′ north and longitude 68° 07′ east to
97° 25′ east, with an area of 3,434,833 km
2
. Discretely, Bangladesh is located in
between 20
0
34′ north to 26° 38′ north latitude and 88° 01′ east to 92° 41′ east longitude
with an area of 147,570 km
2
(BBS 2009). With low-lying deltaic territory, Bangladesh
is characterized by heavy monsoon precipitation, high humidity and moderate temperature. Recently, the people of Bangladesh are experiencing extreme temperature, abnormality of seasonal rainfall and other extreme weather events. Acting as flat and
low-lying deltaic country and extensive network of rivers, Bangladesh is vulnerable to
climate change and natural disaster. On the other hand, India distinctly enjoys tropical
climate with high temperature and dry winters, though much of the northern portion of
India lying beyond the tropical region. The Himalaya and Thar Desert strongly affects
the climate of the country, Making vulnerable to climate, economic and cultural change.
The location of the meteorological stations in the study is exhibited in Fig. 2.1.
3.3 Database and Methodology
The data used in the present research work consists of the average monthly rainfall
of 571 stations during 1951 to 2010 for India and from 1952 to 2015 for Bangladesh.
The data have been collected from water portal in India and BARC website in
Bangladesh (http://climate.barcapps.gov.bd/).The location of the meteorological station in the study is exhibited in Fig. 3.1. The hydrological year in the study area starts
in April and ends in March. The missing data in the time series were observed less
than 1% which have been calculated using multiple imputation method. Arc 10.3
and R 3.6.1 software has been used for mapping and data analysing purposes, respectively, whereas for interpolation kriging method was selected. The descriptions of
the various methods used in this study are displayed in the following sections.
3.3.1 Autocorrelation Function (ACF)
Autocorrelation is always considered as one of the leading problems of the analysis
and detection of trend in a time series data. The degree of serial dependence
3 Rainfall Insight in Bangladesh and India: Climate Change and Environmental…
or mMK and successfully applied in water resource (Markus et al. 2013; Haktanir
and Citakoglu 2014; Ay and Kisi 2015; Kisi 2015; Onyutha 2016; Cui et al. 2017; Wu
and Qian 2017). However, these methods have some restrictive supposition such as
required independent data, the normality of circulation and length of time series data.
3.2 Description of the Study Area
Bangladesh and India are considered as the tropical monsoon country of south-east
Asia, which is particularly well known for agricultural production. The whole study
area lies between latitudes 8° 04′ north to 37° 06′ north and longitude 68° 07′ east to
97° 25′ east, with an area of 3,434,833 km
2
. Discretely, Bangladesh is located in
between 20
0
34′ north to 26° 38′ north latitude and 88° 01′ east to 92° 41′ east longitude
with an area of 147,570 km
2
(BBS 2009). With low-lying deltaic territory, Bangladesh
is characterized by heavy monsoon precipitation, high humidity and moderate temperature. Recently, the people of Bangladesh are experiencing extreme temperature, abnormality of seasonal rainfall and other extreme weather events. Acting as flat and
low-lying deltaic country and extensive network of rivers, Bangladesh is vulnerable to
climate change and natural disaster. On the other hand, India distinctly enjoys tropical
climate with high temperature and dry winters, though much of the northern portion of
India lying beyond the tropical region. The Himalaya and Thar Desert strongly affects
the climate of the country, Making vulnerable to climate, economic and cultural change.
The location of the meteorological stations in the study is exhibited in Fig. 2.1.
3.3 Database and Methodology
The data used in the present research work consists of the average monthly rainfall
of 571 stations during 1951 to 2010 for India and from 1952 to 2015 for Bangladesh.
The data have been collected from water portal in India and BARC website in
Bangladesh (http://climate.barcapps.gov.bd/).The location of the meteorological station in the study is exhibited in Fig. 3.1. The hydrological year in the study area starts
in April and ends in March. The missing data in the time series were observed less
than 1% which have been calculated using multiple imputation method. Arc 10.3
and R 3.6.1 software has been used for mapping and data analysing purposes, respectively, whereas for interpolation kriging method was selected. The descriptions of
the various methods used in this study are displayed in the following sections.
3.3.1 Autocorrelation Function (ACF)
Autocorrelation is always considered as one of the leading problems of the analysis
and detection of trend in a time series data. The degree of serial dependence
3 Rainfall Insight in Bangladesh and India: Climate Change and Environmental…