207
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Rukhsana et al. (eds.), Habitat, Ecology and Ekistics, Advances in Asian
Human-Environmental Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49115-4_12
Chapter 12
Environmental Vulnerability
and Displacement Due to Land Erosion:
Selected Case Studies in West Bengal,
India
Anwesha Haldar, Samiparna Das, Riyanka Chatterjee,
and Lakshminarayan Satpati
12.1 Environmental Displacement: An Universal Crisis
Migration is a kind of voluntary or forced movement of people from one place to
another within the state, country or outside. The number of international migrants
worldwide has continued to grow rapidly in the recent years, reaching 258 million
in 2017 from 220 million in 2010, and 173 million in 2000. Within the period 2008
to 2018, about 69.4 million people in the Indian subcontinent (26.14% of global
population) were displaced due to environmental disasters (Ponserre and Ginnetti
2019; Yonetani 2011). To address the issue of such large movements of refugees and
migrants, on 19 September 2016, the UN General Assembly adopted the New York
Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, in which it called for the development of
two global issues, one on refugees and the other on ‘other migrants’, as endorsed on
17 December 2018 in New York and on 10 December 2018 in Marrakech, respectively. While the reasons for the internal or international displacement of individual
migrants or diasporas vary, the UN Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
A. Haldar (*)
Department of Geography, East Calcutta Girls’ College,
West Bengal State University, Kolkata, India
Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
e-mail: ahgeog_rs@caluniv.ac.in
S. Das
Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
R. Chatterjee
Department of Geography, Maharani Kasiswari College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
L. Satpati (*)
Professor, Department of Geography and Director, UGC-HRDC, University of Calcutta,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Rukhsana et al. (eds.), Habitat, Ecology and Ekistics, Advances in Asian
Human-Environmental Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49115-4_12
Chapter 12
Environmental Vulnerability
and Displacement Due to Land Erosion:
Selected Case Studies in West Bengal,
India
Anwesha Haldar, Samiparna Das, Riyanka Chatterjee,
and Lakshminarayan Satpati
12.1 Environmental Displacement: An Universal Crisis
Migration is a kind of voluntary or forced movement of people from one place to
another within the state, country or outside. The number of international migrants
worldwide has continued to grow rapidly in the recent years, reaching 258 million
in 2017 from 220 million in 2010, and 173 million in 2000. Within the period 2008
to 2018, about 69.4 million people in the Indian subcontinent (26.14% of global
population) were displaced due to environmental disasters (Ponserre and Ginnetti
2019; Yonetani 2011). To address the issue of such large movements of refugees and
migrants, on 19 September 2016, the UN General Assembly adopted the New York
Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, in which it called for the development of
two global issues, one on refugees and the other on ‘other migrants’, as endorsed on
17 December 2018 in New York and on 10 December 2018 in Marrakech, respectively. While the reasons for the internal or international displacement of individual
migrants or diasporas vary, the UN Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
A. Haldar (*)
Department of Geography, East Calcutta Girls’ College,
West Bengal State University, Kolkata, India
Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
e-mail: ahgeog_rs@caluniv.ac.in
S. Das
Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
R. Chatterjee
Department of Geography, Maharani Kasiswari College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
L. Satpati (*)
Professor, Department of Geography and Director, UGC-HRDC, University of Calcutta,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India