18. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, translation at http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/
ir00000_.html.
19. Iran CSOs Training and Research Center, ‘‘A Report on the Status of the Internet in Iran,’’ November 8, 2005, http://www.genderit.org/upload/ad6d215b74e2a8613f0cf5416c9f3865/A_Report
_on_Internet_Access_in_Iran_2_.pdf.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Information Technology Company, ‘‘mahmtreen rakhdadhalee huza internet wa fanawree atla’alt
dir sal 1387’’ [The most important events in the field of Information and Communication Technology in 1387], March 25, 2009, http://www.itc.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=News&
ID=52d93a02-e5ce-4353-9ba6-50c4eb97eb34&LayoutID=db2099c4-7b41-414c-a965-1b4ec4da6584
&CategoryID=8e9c4343-3ea3-41f0-a025-0cca398f147f.
23. ITNA, ‘‘tadween mazham jama’a hamahanag filtering az deeta bat zeersajat saprada shid’’ [Development of a comprehensive system of filtering data to coordinate with infrastructure was buried],
May 30, 2008, http://www.itna.ir/archives/news/009919.php.
24. OpenNet Initiative, ‘‘Internet Filtering in Iran in 2004–2005: A Country Study,’’ http://
opennet.net/studies/iran.
25. Ibid.
26. Iran ICT News, ‘‘Study of Some of the Shortcomings of the Filtering System,’’ April 7, 2006,
http://backdoor.iranictnews.ir/T_34469%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88
%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%81%DB%8C
%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA
%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7
%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA.htm (accessed June 10, 2009).
27. Akhbar Rooz,‘ ‘ sharkat hae bazrag censor kanandat e internet dir Iran’’ [Corporations censor the
Internet in Iran], September 4, 2008, http://www.akhbar-rooz.com/news.jsp?essayId=16978.
28. Ibid.
29. Article 19, ‘‘Memorandum on Regulation of the Media in the Islamic Republic of Iran,’’ March
2, 2006, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,ART19,,IRN,,475e4e270,0.html.
30. Press Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 6, http://www.parstimes.com/law/press
_law.html.
31. Ibid., Articles 26 and 27.
32. Note 2 of Article 1 of Iran’s Press Law (as amended in on April 18, 2000) defines electronic
publications as ‘‘publications regularly published under a permanent name, specific date and
serial number . . . on different subjects such as news, commentary, as well as social, political, economic, agricultural, cultural, religious, scientific, technical, military, sports, artistic matters, etc,
Iran
557
ir00000_.html.
19. Iran CSOs Training and Research Center, ‘‘A Report on the Status of the Internet in Iran,’’ November 8, 2005, http://www.genderit.org/upload/ad6d215b74e2a8613f0cf5416c9f3865/A_Report
_on_Internet_Access_in_Iran_2_.pdf.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Information Technology Company, ‘‘mahmtreen rakhdadhalee huza internet wa fanawree atla’alt
dir sal 1387’’ [The most important events in the field of Information and Communication Technology in 1387], March 25, 2009, http://www.itc.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=News&
ID=52d93a02-e5ce-4353-9ba6-50c4eb97eb34&LayoutID=db2099c4-7b41-414c-a965-1b4ec4da6584
&CategoryID=8e9c4343-3ea3-41f0-a025-0cca398f147f.
23. ITNA, ‘‘tadween mazham jama’a hamahanag filtering az deeta bat zeersajat saprada shid’’ [Development of a comprehensive system of filtering data to coordinate with infrastructure was buried],
May 30, 2008, http://www.itna.ir/archives/news/009919.php.
24. OpenNet Initiative, ‘‘Internet Filtering in Iran in 2004–2005: A Country Study,’’ http://
opennet.net/studies/iran.
25. Ibid.
26. Iran ICT News, ‘‘Study of Some of the Shortcomings of the Filtering System,’’ April 7, 2006,
http://backdoor.iranictnews.ir/T_34469%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88
%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%81%DB%8C
%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA
%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7
%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA.htm (accessed June 10, 2009).
27. Akhbar Rooz,‘ ‘ sharkat hae bazrag censor kanandat e internet dir Iran’’ [Corporations censor the
Internet in Iran], September 4, 2008, http://www.akhbar-rooz.com/news.jsp?essayId=16978.
28. Ibid.
29. Article 19, ‘‘Memorandum on Regulation of the Media in the Islamic Republic of Iran,’’ March
2, 2006, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,ART19,,IRN,,475e4e270,0.html.
30. Press Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 6, http://www.parstimes.com/law/press
_law.html.
31. Ibid., Articles 26 and 27.
32. Note 2 of Article 1 of Iran’s Press Law (as amended in on April 18, 2000) defines electronic
publications as ‘‘publications regularly published under a permanent name, specific date and
serial number . . . on different subjects such as news, commentary, as well as social, political, economic, agricultural, cultural, religious, scientific, technical, military, sports, artistic matters, etc,
Iran
557