51. Human Rights Watch, ‘‘Pakistan: Media Restrictions Undermine Election,’’ February 18, 2008,
http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/15/pakistan-media-restrictions-undermine-election.
52. Salman Masood and David Rohde, ‘‘Pakistan’s News Media No Longer Silent, but Musharraf
Has Muted His Critics,’’ New York Times, December 11, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/
12/11/world/asia/11pmedia.html. However, according to Human Rights Watch, TV stations were
‘‘effectively coerced’’ into adopting the restrictions as conditions for remaining open. Human
Rights Watch, ‘‘Pakistan: Media Restrictions Undermine Election,’’ February 18, 2008, http://
www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/15/pakistan-media-restrictions-undermine-election.
53. Business Recorder, ‘‘PBA to Formulate Code of Conduct,’’ December 26, 2008.
54. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Ordinance (Ordinance No. IX of 2008), Article 28.
55. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Ordinance (Ordinance No. IX of 2008), Article 27.
56. Society against Internet Censorship in Pakistan, ‘‘Cyber Crime Ordinance Promulgated
by President,’’ January 8, 2008, http://groups.google.com/group/AGABBIP/browse_thread/thread/
95fa5fccb314369e.
57. Cecil J. Chen, ‘‘Bloggers Brace for Blackouts over CJ,’’ Daily Times, March 17, 2007, http://
www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\03\17\story_17-3-2007_pg12_9.
58. Ibid.
59. Society against Internet Censorship in Pakistan, ‘‘Urgent Message to All Bloggers in Pakistan,’’
November 3, 2007, http://groups.google.com/group/AGABBIP/browse_thread/thread/e56dbff06e869763#.
60. Voice of South, ‘‘Pakistan Blocks Anti-establishment Blogs,’’ January 15, 2008, http://
voiceofsouth.org/2008/01/15/pakistan_blogs/.
61. Jillian York, ‘‘Pakistan Communication Authority Issues Directive to Block Web Sites,’’
OpenNet Initiative Blog, http://opennet.net/blog/2009/01/pakistan-communication-authority
-issues-directives-block-web-sites.
62. Urooj Zia, ‘‘PTA Orders Blockade of Political Webpages, Discussion Forums,’’ The News, January 2, 2009, http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=155004.
63. Nart Villeneuve, ‘‘The Filtering Matrix: Integrated Mechanisms of Information Control and
the Demarcation of Borders in Cyberspace,’’ First Monday, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( January 2006), http://
firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_1/villeneuve/index.html.
64. Naveed Ahmad, ‘‘PTCL Blocks Vital Internet Sites to Comply with SC Order,’’ The News,
March 3, 2007, http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6254; Pakistaniat, ‘‘Google,
Yahoo, BBC, CNN and Others Websites Blocked in Pakistan as PTCL Fumbles a Censorship Extravaganza,’’ March 7, 2007, http://pakistaniat.com/2007/03/07/pakistan-blog-ban-block-ptcl-yahoo
-google-cnn-websites-censorship-internet/.
65. Voice of South, ‘‘Pakistan Blocks Anti-establishment Blogs,’’ January 15, 2008, http://
voiceofsouth.org/2008/01/15/pakistan_blogs/.
Pakistan
501
http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/15/pakistan-media-restrictions-undermine-election.
52. Salman Masood and David Rohde, ‘‘Pakistan’s News Media No Longer Silent, but Musharraf
Has Muted His Critics,’’ New York Times, December 11, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/
12/11/world/asia/11pmedia.html. However, according to Human Rights Watch, TV stations were
‘‘effectively coerced’’ into adopting the restrictions as conditions for remaining open. Human
Rights Watch, ‘‘Pakistan: Media Restrictions Undermine Election,’’ February 18, 2008, http://
www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/15/pakistan-media-restrictions-undermine-election.
53. Business Recorder, ‘‘PBA to Formulate Code of Conduct,’’ December 26, 2008.
54. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Ordinance (Ordinance No. IX of 2008), Article 28.
55. Prevention of Electronic Crimes Ordinance (Ordinance No. IX of 2008), Article 27.
56. Society against Internet Censorship in Pakistan, ‘‘Cyber Crime Ordinance Promulgated
by President,’’ January 8, 2008, http://groups.google.com/group/AGABBIP/browse_thread/thread/
95fa5fccb314369e.
57. Cecil J. Chen, ‘‘Bloggers Brace for Blackouts over CJ,’’ Daily Times, March 17, 2007, http://
www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\03\17\story_17-3-2007_pg12_9.
58. Ibid.
59. Society against Internet Censorship in Pakistan, ‘‘Urgent Message to All Bloggers in Pakistan,’’
November 3, 2007, http://groups.google.com/group/AGABBIP/browse_thread/thread/e56dbff06e869763#.
60. Voice of South, ‘‘Pakistan Blocks Anti-establishment Blogs,’’ January 15, 2008, http://
voiceofsouth.org/2008/01/15/pakistan_blogs/.
61. Jillian York, ‘‘Pakistan Communication Authority Issues Directive to Block Web Sites,’’
OpenNet Initiative Blog, http://opennet.net/blog/2009/01/pakistan-communication-authority
-issues-directives-block-web-sites.
62. Urooj Zia, ‘‘PTA Orders Blockade of Political Webpages, Discussion Forums,’’ The News, January 2, 2009, http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=155004.
63. Nart Villeneuve, ‘‘The Filtering Matrix: Integrated Mechanisms of Information Control and
the Demarcation of Borders in Cyberspace,’’ First Monday, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( January 2006), http://
firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_1/villeneuve/index.html.
64. Naveed Ahmad, ‘‘PTCL Blocks Vital Internet Sites to Comply with SC Order,’’ The News,
March 3, 2007, http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6254; Pakistaniat, ‘‘Google,
Yahoo, BBC, CNN and Others Websites Blocked in Pakistan as PTCL Fumbles a Censorship Extravaganza,’’ March 7, 2007, http://pakistaniat.com/2007/03/07/pakistan-blog-ban-block-ptcl-yahoo
-google-cnn-websites-censorship-internet/.
65. Voice of South, ‘‘Pakistan Blocks Anti-establishment Blogs,’’ January 15, 2008, http://
voiceofsouth.org/2008/01/15/pakistan_blogs/.
Pakistan
501