15. ACLU v. Reno, No. 98–5551 (February 1, 1999).
16. Federal Communications Commission, ‘‘Children’s Internet Protection Act,’’ http://www
.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/cipa.html.
17. United States v. American Library Association, 539 U.S. 194 (2003).
18. Federal Communications Commission, ‘‘E-Rate,’’ http://www.fcc.gov/learnnet/.
19. Electronic Frontiers Australia, ‘‘Internet Content Filtering and Blocking: Reviews of Internet
Filtering Software,’’ http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens2.html#reviews.
20. 20 U.S.C. §6777(c); 20 U.S.C. §9134(f)(3); 47 U.S.C. §254(h)(6)(D).
21. Marjorie Heins, Christina Cho, and Ariel Feldman, ‘‘Internet Filters: A Public Policy Report,’’
Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law School (2006), 4–7, http://www.brennancenter.org/
dynamic/subpages/download_file_36644.pdf.
22. Jim Hu, ‘‘Court Strikes Down Pennsylvania Porn Law,’’ CNet News, September 10, 2004, http://
news.cnet.com/Court-strikes-down-Pennsylvania-porn-law/2100-1028_3-5361999.html.
23. Harvard Law Review, ‘‘The First Amendment Overbreadth Doctrine,’’ vol. 83, no. 4 (1970):
844–927, http://www.jstor.org/pss/1339842; Broadrick v. Oklahoma 413 U.S. 601 (1973); CDT v.
Pappert, 337 (E.D. Penn. 2004) http://www.cdt.org/speech/pennwebblock/20040910memorandum
.pdf.
24. CDT v. Pappert, 337 F.Supp.2d 606 (E.D. Penn. 2004). For an extensive analysis, see Jonathan
Zittrain, ‘‘Internet Points of Control,’’ Boston College Law Review, 44 (2003): 653.
25. David Kravets, ‘‘Communications Decency Act Tipping under Cuomo Kid-Porn Accord,’’
Wired Threat Level, June 10, 2008, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/06/analysis-commun/.
26. Brad Stone, ‘‘Online Age Verification for Children Brings Privacy Worries,’’ New York Times,
November 15, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/business/16ping.html?scp=1&sq=
protecting%20children%20online&st=cse.
27. See Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd
?bill=h111-1966.
28. Euguene Volokh, ‘‘Federal Felony to Use Blogs, the Web, Etc. to Cause Substantial Emotional
Distress through ‘Severe, Repeated, and Hostile’ Speech?’’ April 30, 2009, http://volokh.com/posts/
1241122059.shtml.
29. See the First Amendment Center’s overview of state cyberbullying laws, at http://www
.firstamendmentcenter.org/PDF/cyberbullying_policies.pdf.
30. This approach was first recommended in a 1997 study commissioned by Industry Canada.
31. Passed as Bill C-15a, 1st Session, 37th Parl., 2001; R.S. 1985, c. C-46, §§163.1(3), 163.1(4.1),
172.1.
United States and Canada Overview
383
16. Federal Communications Commission, ‘‘Children’s Internet Protection Act,’’ http://www
.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/cipa.html.
17. United States v. American Library Association, 539 U.S. 194 (2003).
18. Federal Communications Commission, ‘‘E-Rate,’’ http://www.fcc.gov/learnnet/.
19. Electronic Frontiers Australia, ‘‘Internet Content Filtering and Blocking: Reviews of Internet
Filtering Software,’’ http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens2.html#reviews.
20. 20 U.S.C. §6777(c); 20 U.S.C. §9134(f)(3); 47 U.S.C. §254(h)(6)(D).
21. Marjorie Heins, Christina Cho, and Ariel Feldman, ‘‘Internet Filters: A Public Policy Report,’’
Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law School (2006), 4–7, http://www.brennancenter.org/
dynamic/subpages/download_file_36644.pdf.
22. Jim Hu, ‘‘Court Strikes Down Pennsylvania Porn Law,’’ CNet News, September 10, 2004, http://
news.cnet.com/Court-strikes-down-Pennsylvania-porn-law/2100-1028_3-5361999.html.
23. Harvard Law Review, ‘‘The First Amendment Overbreadth Doctrine,’’ vol. 83, no. 4 (1970):
844–927, http://www.jstor.org/pss/1339842; Broadrick v. Oklahoma 413 U.S. 601 (1973); CDT v.
Pappert, 337 (E.D. Penn. 2004) http://www.cdt.org/speech/pennwebblock/20040910memorandum
.pdf.
24. CDT v. Pappert, 337 F.Supp.2d 606 (E.D. Penn. 2004). For an extensive analysis, see Jonathan
Zittrain, ‘‘Internet Points of Control,’’ Boston College Law Review, 44 (2003): 653.
25. David Kravets, ‘‘Communications Decency Act Tipping under Cuomo Kid-Porn Accord,’’
Wired Threat Level, June 10, 2008, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/06/analysis-commun/.
26. Brad Stone, ‘‘Online Age Verification for Children Brings Privacy Worries,’’ New York Times,
November 15, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/business/16ping.html?scp=1&sq=
protecting%20children%20online&st=cse.
27. See Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd
?bill=h111-1966.
28. Euguene Volokh, ‘‘Federal Felony to Use Blogs, the Web, Etc. to Cause Substantial Emotional
Distress through ‘Severe, Repeated, and Hostile’ Speech?’’ April 30, 2009, http://volokh.com/posts/
1241122059.shtml.
29. See the First Amendment Center’s overview of state cyberbullying laws, at http://www
.firstamendmentcenter.org/PDF/cyberbullying_policies.pdf.
30. This approach was first recommended in a 1997 study commissioned by Industry Canada.
31. Passed as Bill C-15a, 1st Session, 37th Parl., 2001; R.S. 1985, c. C-46, §§163.1(3), 163.1(4.1),
172.1.
United States and Canada Overview
383