The Struggle for Digital Freedom of Speech
63
46. For an in-depth analysis and discussion of social-psychological motivation and the diversity
of motivations for action, see Yochai Benkler, “ Coase ’ s Penguin, ” Yale Law Journal 112 (2006):
371 – 446.
47. Tan and Ibrahim, Blogging , 52.
48. Ibid., 50 – 60.
49. H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994), 9 – 11.
50. Richard McAdams, “ The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms, ” Michigan Law
Review 96 (1997): 378 – 381.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Tan and Ibrahim, Blogging , 55.
54. Ibid.
55. Nathaniel Tan, “ Audio Clip Further Incriminates Mahathir, Vincent Tan and VK Lingam, ”
Jelas.info (blog), September 19, 2007, http://jelas.info/2007/09/19/ .
56. Tan and Ibrahim, Blogging , 61 (fi gure 5.4).
57. I borrow and build on Yochai Benkler ’ s defi nition of “ granularity ” and “ heterogeneous, ” fi rst
used in the context of commons-based peer-production systems, that is, Wikipedia and Slashdot .
See Benkler, “ Coase ’ s Penguin, ” 378 – 379.
58. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 253.
59. See the Malaysia country profi le in this volume for further details.
60. Benkler, Wealth , 254.
61. “ Alternative Media: BN vs. PR — Who ’ s Winning? ” Malaysian Digest , March 15, 2010, http://
www.malaysiandigest.com/features/2541-alternative-media-bn-vs-pr-who-is-winning.html . (The
report fi nds BN having more Twitter and Facebook fans overall at 19,596 and 164,335 as opposed
to PR ’ s 17,176 and 109,472.)
62. PR ’ s component parties include the mostly non-Muslim Democratic Action Party (DAP) and
the Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS), an Islamist political party.
63. See generally, Gabrielle Chong, “ By-elections Cyber War Escalates, ” Malaysiakini, March 28,
2009, http://malaysiakini.com/news/101175 .
64. Leven Woon Zheng Yang, “ PBB Denies RM10 Mil Cybertrooper Fund, ” Malaysiakini, December 21, 2010, http://malaysiakini.com/news/151367 .
65. See the Malaysia country profi le in this volume for further details.
66. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, sec. 68, 69, and 70.
63
46. For an in-depth analysis and discussion of social-psychological motivation and the diversity
of motivations for action, see Yochai Benkler, “ Coase ’ s Penguin, ” Yale Law Journal 112 (2006):
371 – 446.
47. Tan and Ibrahim, Blogging , 52.
48. Ibid., 50 – 60.
49. H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994), 9 – 11.
50. Richard McAdams, “ The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms, ” Michigan Law
Review 96 (1997): 378 – 381.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Tan and Ibrahim, Blogging , 55.
54. Ibid.
55. Nathaniel Tan, “ Audio Clip Further Incriminates Mahathir, Vincent Tan and VK Lingam, ”
Jelas.info (blog), September 19, 2007, http://jelas.info/2007/09/19/ .
56. Tan and Ibrahim, Blogging , 61 (fi gure 5.4).
57. I borrow and build on Yochai Benkler ’ s defi nition of “ granularity ” and “ heterogeneous, ” fi rst
used in the context of commons-based peer-production systems, that is, Wikipedia and Slashdot .
See Benkler, “ Coase ’ s Penguin, ” 378 – 379.
58. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 253.
59. See the Malaysia country profi le in this volume for further details.
60. Benkler, Wealth , 254.
61. “ Alternative Media: BN vs. PR — Who ’ s Winning? ” Malaysian Digest , March 15, 2010, http://
www.malaysiandigest.com/features/2541-alternative-media-bn-vs-pr-who-is-winning.html . (The
report fi nds BN having more Twitter and Facebook fans overall at 19,596 and 164,335 as opposed
to PR ’ s 17,176 and 109,472.)
62. PR ’ s component parties include the mostly non-Muslim Democratic Action Party (DAP) and
the Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS), an Islamist political party.
63. See generally, Gabrielle Chong, “ By-elections Cyber War Escalates, ” Malaysiakini, March 28,
2009, http://malaysiakini.com/news/101175 .
64. Leven Woon Zheng Yang, “ PBB Denies RM10 Mil Cybertrooper Fund, ” Malaysiakini, December 21, 2010, http://malaysiakini.com/news/151367 .
65. See the Malaysia country profi le in this volume for further details.
66. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, sec. 68, 69, and 70.