284
China
eliminate abuse of .cn domain names by criminals. Because self-employed workers had
been affected by the new rules, by February 2010 the CNNIC announced that they
would allow individuals to register once again, but only if applicants registered for the
domain with their government ID cards in person and attached a photograph to each
application
117 — effectively ending anonymity in Web site registration. In opposition
to the new reporting requirements, domain name registrar Go Daddy suspended registration for the .cn domain.
118
Although there have been demonstrations against real-name registration on campus
bulletin boards,
119 other efforts have embraced real-name registration on the grounds
that it can empower citizens. A campaign launched by activist blogger Ai Aiwei on
Twitter argued, “ The fact that we try to cover our identity that we are so afraid of what
we said has empowered the authoritarian state. We need to speak in public with transparency and demand the government to do the same. If we do not encourage such act
and continue to live in fear, such fear would be exaggerated and we could not make
any change. ”
120 In just a day, hundreds of Internet users had joined the campaign.
121
Technically, Internet laws and regulations provide protection for individual privacy.
However, state regulations require private actors to cooperate not only in monitoring
and fi ltering online content but also in keeping records of personal user information
and activities to be handed to authorities upon request.
Under the Measures for the Management of E-mail Services, e-mail service providers
are required to keep personal information and e-mail addresses of users and can disclose such information with users ’ consent or when authorized for national security
reasons or criminal investigations according to procedures stipulated by law.
122 Similarly, IIS providers, ISPs, and electronic bulletin board service providers are required
to record users ’ information and activities. Internet service providers are obliged to
record the addresses or domain names their users have accessed, while IISs are required
to record the content of the information, the date such information was released, and
the address or the domain name that hosted such information. Bulletin board service
providers have to keep records of the contents, time of publication, and Web site
names or addresses of the information published on their services, as well as user
information.
123 All these services are required to store records for 60 days and provide
records to authorities upon demand.
124
Internet caf é s, too, are heavily regulated and are required to install fi ltering software
and record patron information and complete session logs for up to 60 days.
125 In
August 2010, the Chinese government ordered that the installation of surveillance
software in Internet caf é s across Tibet be completed by the end of the month.
126
Companies such as the China Mobile Communications Corporation (China ’ s
largest mobile phone company), Tencent, and Skype also monitor and store information about user activities. In a discussion on targeted advertising at the 2008 World
Economy Forum, the CEO of China Mobile Communications Corporation, Wang
China
eliminate abuse of .cn domain names by criminals. Because self-employed workers had
been affected by the new rules, by February 2010 the CNNIC announced that they
would allow individuals to register once again, but only if applicants registered for the
domain with their government ID cards in person and attached a photograph to each
application
117 — effectively ending anonymity in Web site registration. In opposition
to the new reporting requirements, domain name registrar Go Daddy suspended registration for the .cn domain.
118
Although there have been demonstrations against real-name registration on campus
bulletin boards,
119 other efforts have embraced real-name registration on the grounds
that it can empower citizens. A campaign launched by activist blogger Ai Aiwei on
Twitter argued, “ The fact that we try to cover our identity that we are so afraid of what
we said has empowered the authoritarian state. We need to speak in public with transparency and demand the government to do the same. If we do not encourage such act
and continue to live in fear, such fear would be exaggerated and we could not make
any change. ”
120 In just a day, hundreds of Internet users had joined the campaign.
121
Technically, Internet laws and regulations provide protection for individual privacy.
However, state regulations require private actors to cooperate not only in monitoring
and fi ltering online content but also in keeping records of personal user information
and activities to be handed to authorities upon request.
Under the Measures for the Management of E-mail Services, e-mail service providers
are required to keep personal information and e-mail addresses of users and can disclose such information with users ’ consent or when authorized for national security
reasons or criminal investigations according to procedures stipulated by law.
122 Similarly, IIS providers, ISPs, and electronic bulletin board service providers are required
to record users ’ information and activities. Internet service providers are obliged to
record the addresses or domain names their users have accessed, while IISs are required
to record the content of the information, the date such information was released, and
the address or the domain name that hosted such information. Bulletin board service
providers have to keep records of the contents, time of publication, and Web site
names or addresses of the information published on their services, as well as user
information.
123 All these services are required to store records for 60 days and provide
records to authorities upon demand.
124
Internet caf é s, too, are heavily regulated and are required to install fi ltering software
and record patron information and complete session logs for up to 60 days.
125 In
August 2010, the Chinese government ordered that the installation of surveillance
software in Internet caf é s across Tibet be completed by the end of the month.
126
Companies such as the China Mobile Communications Corporation (China ’ s
largest mobile phone company), Tencent, and Skype also monitor and store information about user activities. In a discussion on targeted advertising at the 2008 World
Economy Forum, the CEO of China Mobile Communications Corporation, Wang