268
Burma
media Web sites in Burma; and Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, and John Palfrey, “ Interconnected
Contests: Distributed Denial of Service Attacks and Other Digital Control Measures in Asia, ”
chapter 7 in this volume, on the global incidents of DDoS attacks against civil society
organizations.
83. Brian McCartan, “ Myanmar on the Cyber-offensive, ” Asia Times , October 1, 2008, http://
www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/JJ01Ae01.html.
84. Attacks were launched against the Web sites of the Democratic Voice of Burma and Mizzima
News in July; the community forums Mystery Zillion and Planet Myanmar in August; and the
Web sites of The Irrawaddy, the Democratic Voice of Burma, and the New Era Journal in September. See Zarni, “ Websites of Three Burmese News Agencies in Exile under Attack, ” Mizzima News,
September 17, 2008, http://www.mizzima.com/news/regional/1052-websites-of-three-burmese
-news-agencies-in-exile-under-attack.html.
85. In 2009 attacks were launched on the Web site of Ashin Mettacara (http://ashin-mettacara.
com), a Burmese monk in exile, fi rst on January 20 and 21 and again through DDoS attacks on
March 11 and 15. These attacks occurred amid similar attacks on four other Web sites, including
the People ’ s Media Voice. See Muchacho Enfermo, “ Burma: Sri Lanka – Based Myanmar Media
Website Attacked Again, ” Ashin Mettacara, March 17, 2009, http://www.ashinmettacara.
org/2009/01/burma-myanmar-sri-lanka-based-burmese.html. In 2010, the Web site of a Burmese
army deserter (http://photayokeking.org) — set up in May 2008 to provide information about
the Burmese military — was hit with DDoS attacks. As a result, the Web site was removed from
the Los Angeles server that hosted it. See Alex Ellgee, “ Another Opposition Website Shut Down
by Hackers, ” The Irrawaddy, June 19, 2010, http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id
=18759 & page=1.
86. “ Fresh Attack on Mizzima Website, ” Mizzima, August 8, 2009, http://www.mizzima.com/
news/inside-burma/2599-fresh-attack-on-mizzima-website.html.
87. “ Irrawaddy: Cyber Attacks Seek to Suppress the Truth — Editorial, ” The Irrawaddy, September
30, 2009, http://www.irrawaddy.org/opinion_story.php?art_id=19593.
88. Ibid.; “ Majority of Cyber Attacks Came from Chinese IP Addresses, ” The Irrawaddy, September 28, 2009, http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=19572.
89. “ Burma Hit by Massive Net Attack Ahead of Election, ” BBC News, November 4, 2010, http://
www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11693214.
90. Craig Labovitz, “ Attack Severs Burma Internet, ” Arbor Networks, November 3, 2010, http://
asert.arbornetworks.com/2010/11/attac-severs-myanmar-internet/.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. “ Burma Hit by Massive Net Attack Ahead of Election, ” BBC News.
94. “ Myanmar Internet Link Continues to Meet with Interruption, ” Xinhua, November 3, 2010,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sci/2010-11/03/c_13589614.htm.
Burma
media Web sites in Burma; and Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, and John Palfrey, “ Interconnected
Contests: Distributed Denial of Service Attacks and Other Digital Control Measures in Asia, ”
chapter 7 in this volume, on the global incidents of DDoS attacks against civil society
organizations.
83. Brian McCartan, “ Myanmar on the Cyber-offensive, ” Asia Times , October 1, 2008, http://
www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/JJ01Ae01.html.
84. Attacks were launched against the Web sites of the Democratic Voice of Burma and Mizzima
News in July; the community forums Mystery Zillion and Planet Myanmar in August; and the
Web sites of The Irrawaddy, the Democratic Voice of Burma, and the New Era Journal in September. See Zarni, “ Websites of Three Burmese News Agencies in Exile under Attack, ” Mizzima News,
September 17, 2008, http://www.mizzima.com/news/regional/1052-websites-of-three-burmese
-news-agencies-in-exile-under-attack.html.
85. In 2009 attacks were launched on the Web site of Ashin Mettacara (http://ashin-mettacara.
com), a Burmese monk in exile, fi rst on January 20 and 21 and again through DDoS attacks on
March 11 and 15. These attacks occurred amid similar attacks on four other Web sites, including
the People ’ s Media Voice. See Muchacho Enfermo, “ Burma: Sri Lanka – Based Myanmar Media
Website Attacked Again, ” Ashin Mettacara, March 17, 2009, http://www.ashinmettacara.
org/2009/01/burma-myanmar-sri-lanka-based-burmese.html. In 2010, the Web site of a Burmese
army deserter (http://photayokeking.org) — set up in May 2008 to provide information about
the Burmese military — was hit with DDoS attacks. As a result, the Web site was removed from
the Los Angeles server that hosted it. See Alex Ellgee, “ Another Opposition Website Shut Down
by Hackers, ” The Irrawaddy, June 19, 2010, http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id
=18759 & page=1.
86. “ Fresh Attack on Mizzima Website, ” Mizzima, August 8, 2009, http://www.mizzima.com/
news/inside-burma/2599-fresh-attack-on-mizzima-website.html.
87. “ Irrawaddy: Cyber Attacks Seek to Suppress the Truth — Editorial, ” The Irrawaddy, September
30, 2009, http://www.irrawaddy.org/opinion_story.php?art_id=19593.
88. Ibid.; “ Majority of Cyber Attacks Came from Chinese IP Addresses, ” The Irrawaddy, September 28, 2009, http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=19572.
89. “ Burma Hit by Massive Net Attack Ahead of Election, ” BBC News, November 4, 2010, http://
www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11693214.
90. Craig Labovitz, “ Attack Severs Burma Internet, ” Arbor Networks, November 3, 2010, http://
asert.arbornetworks.com/2010/11/attac-severs-myanmar-internet/.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. “ Burma Hit by Massive Net Attack Ahead of Election, ” BBC News.
94. “ Myanmar Internet Link Continues to Meet with Interruption, ” Xinhua, November 3, 2010,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sci/2010-11/03/c_13589614.htm.