150
Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, and John Palfrey
2. Ben Stocking, “ 2 Popular Web Sites Blocked in Vietnam, ” Sydney Morning Herald , February 27,
2011, http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/2-popular-web-sites-blocked-in-vietnam
-20100211-nupw.html .
3. Viet Tan, “ Denial of Service: Cyberattacks by the Vietnamese Government, ” April 27, 2010,
http://www.viettan.org/spip.php?article9749 .
4. In January 2006, Google launched google.cn, a search engine hosted in China and censored
to comply with Chinese law. In January 2010, Google shut down google.cn and redirected traffi c
to their unfi ltered Google.com.hk site.
5. Neel Mehta, “ The Chilling Effects of Malware, ” Google Online Security Blog, March 30, 2010,
http://googleonlinesecurity.blogspot.com/2010/03/chilling-effects-of-malware.html .
6. See the Shadowserver Foundation ’ s resources on botnets and related activity at http://www
.shadowserver.org/wiki/pmwiki.php/Information/Botnets for some of the most detailed analysis
about the formation, growth, and application of botnets. One of the best of the white papers
posted on the Shadowserver site, which addresses this question of rented botnets, is Krogoth,
Botnet Control, Construction, and Concealment: Looking into Current Technology and Analyzing Future
Trends , March, 2008 (special version for Shadowserver Web site), http://www.shadowserver.org/
wiki/uploads/Information/thesis_botnet_krogoth_2008_fi nal.pdf (see especially section 2.5,
“ Motivation and Usage ” ). See also PC Magazine Encyclopedia ’ s entry on botnets: “ Also called a
‘ zombie army, ’ a botnet is a large number of compromised computers that are used to create and
send spam or viruses or fl ood a network with messages as a denial of service attack. The computer
is compromised via a Trojan that often works by opening an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel
that waits for commands from the person in control of the botnet. There is a thriving botnet
business selling lists of compromised computers to hackers and spammers. ” Available at http://
www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=botnet & i=38866,00.asp .
7. Viet Tan, “ Denial of Service. ”
8. There have been an increasing number of reports of malware-related attacks on human rights
organizations that may or may not have involved states. See, for instance, the path-breaking
reports by our colleagues at the Information Warfare Monitor, available at http://www.infowar
-monitor.net/ research/.
9. For a description of fi rst-generation Internet controls, see Robert Faris and Nart Villeneuve,
“ Measuring Global Internet Filtering, ” in Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet
Filtering , ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain (Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 2008). For discussion of second- and third-generation controls, see Ronald Deibert
and Rafal Rohozinksi, “ Beyond Denial: Introducing Next-Generation Internet Controls, ” in Access
Controlled: The Shaping of Power Rights and Rule in Cyberspace , ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey,
Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
10. Deibert and Rohozinksi, “ Beyond Denial, ” 8.
11. Ibid.; OpenNet Initiative, “ The Internet and Elections: The 2006 Belarus Presidential Election
(and Its Implications), ” OpenNet Initiative Internet Watch Report 001, April 2006, http://
opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/fi les/2006%20Internet%20Watch%20Report%20Belarus.pdf .
Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, and John Palfrey
2. Ben Stocking, “ 2 Popular Web Sites Blocked in Vietnam, ” Sydney Morning Herald , February 27,
2011, http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/2-popular-web-sites-blocked-in-vietnam
-20100211-nupw.html .
3. Viet Tan, “ Denial of Service: Cyberattacks by the Vietnamese Government, ” April 27, 2010,
http://www.viettan.org/spip.php?article9749 .
4. In January 2006, Google launched google.cn, a search engine hosted in China and censored
to comply with Chinese law. In January 2010, Google shut down google.cn and redirected traffi c
to their unfi ltered Google.com.hk site.
5. Neel Mehta, “ The Chilling Effects of Malware, ” Google Online Security Blog, March 30, 2010,
http://googleonlinesecurity.blogspot.com/2010/03/chilling-effects-of-malware.html .
6. See the Shadowserver Foundation ’ s resources on botnets and related activity at http://www
.shadowserver.org/wiki/pmwiki.php/Information/Botnets for some of the most detailed analysis
about the formation, growth, and application of botnets. One of the best of the white papers
posted on the Shadowserver site, which addresses this question of rented botnets, is Krogoth,
Botnet Control, Construction, and Concealment: Looking into Current Technology and Analyzing Future
Trends , March, 2008 (special version for Shadowserver Web site), http://www.shadowserver.org/
wiki/uploads/Information/thesis_botnet_krogoth_2008_fi nal.pdf (see especially section 2.5,
“ Motivation and Usage ” ). See also PC Magazine Encyclopedia ’ s entry on botnets: “ Also called a
‘ zombie army, ’ a botnet is a large number of compromised computers that are used to create and
send spam or viruses or fl ood a network with messages as a denial of service attack. The computer
is compromised via a Trojan that often works by opening an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel
that waits for commands from the person in control of the botnet. There is a thriving botnet
business selling lists of compromised computers to hackers and spammers. ” Available at http://
www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=botnet & i=38866,00.asp .
7. Viet Tan, “ Denial of Service. ”
8. There have been an increasing number of reports of malware-related attacks on human rights
organizations that may or may not have involved states. See, for instance, the path-breaking
reports by our colleagues at the Information Warfare Monitor, available at http://www.infowar
-monitor.net/ research/.
9. For a description of fi rst-generation Internet controls, see Robert Faris and Nart Villeneuve,
“ Measuring Global Internet Filtering, ” in Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet
Filtering , ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain (Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, 2008). For discussion of second- and third-generation controls, see Ronald Deibert
and Rafal Rohozinksi, “ Beyond Denial: Introducing Next-Generation Internet Controls, ” in Access
Controlled: The Shaping of Power Rights and Rule in Cyberspace , ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey,
Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
10. Deibert and Rohozinksi, “ Beyond Denial, ” 8.
11. Ibid.; OpenNet Initiative, “ The Internet and Elections: The 2006 Belarus Presidential Election
(and Its Implications), ” OpenNet Initiative Internet Watch Report 001, April 2006, http://
opennet.net/sites/opennet.net/fi les/2006%20Internet%20Watch%20Report%20Belarus.pdf .