112
Pirongrong Ramasoota
28. Somkiat Tangnamo passed away in July 2010.
29. Nida Moryadee, “ OK Nation Blog as Citizen Journalism, ” unpublished master ’ s thesis,
Chulalongkorn University, 2009, 2 – 12.
30. See the Thailand country profi le in this volume for further details.
31. Reporters Without Borders, “ Government Uses State of Emergency to Escalate Censorship, ”
April 8, 2010, http://en.rsf.org/thailand-government-uses-state-of-emergency-08-04-2010,36968 .
32. Translation of Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007). Available at http://
www.isaanlawyers.com/constitution%20thailand%202007%20-%202550.pdf .
33. Translation of Thai Penal Code B.E. 2499 (1956), Section 112. Available at http://thailaws
.com/law/t_laws/tlaw50001.pdf .
34. Standing during the royal anthem in a movie theater is a customary practice in Thailand to
show respect and allegiance to the king.
35. “ Thailand: Moviegoer Faces Prison for Sitting during Anthem, ” New York Times , April 24,
2008, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9506E1DF1E31F937A15757C0A96E9C8B
63 & fta=y .
36. “ Aussie Author Gets Three-Year Sentence for L è se-Majest é , ” Bangkok Post , January 20, 2009,
http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/10026/aussie-author-gets-three-year-jail-sentence-for
-lese-majeste .
37. “ L è se-Majest é Suspect Flees, ” Bangkok Post , February 10, 2009, http://www.bangkokpost.com/
news/local/136371/lese-majeste-suspect-fl ees .
38. “ Eighteen Years in Jail for Da Torpedo, ” Bangkok Post, August 28, 2009.
39. Based on data of the National Electronic and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC),
Thailand has six international Internet gateways (IIGs): CAT Telecom Plc, TOT Plc, TRUE Corporation, Thai Telephone and Telecommunications (TT & T), ADC, and CS Loxinfo. These six IIGs
also serve as National Internet Exchange (NIX). Of these six IIGs, two — CAT Telecom Plc and
TOT Plc — are former state enterprises and monopoly telecommunications companies that have
been corporatized, while two others — TRUE and TT & T — are long-time telecommunications concessionaires. Only ADC and CS Loxinfo are new market entrants and fully private entities.
NECTEC ’ s data also show that only 20 ISPs are actually carrying regular Internet traffi c despite
the fact that more than 40 ISPs hold licenses to operate.
40. Of the 20 operating ISPs, half are semiconcessionaires, as 35 percent of their shares are by
default held by CAT Telecom, the long-standing international carrier monopoly. Although CAT
Telecom ’ s shares are wholly controlled by the Ministry of Finance, the corporatized state enterprise is under the bureaucratic structure of another government agency — MICT. This bureaucratic
structure also helps explain the line of control in monitoring and fi ltering Web sites in Thailand.
A number of ISPs are not under this bureaucratic structure, however. These are new operators
that emerged as a result of a telecommunications reform process that has been ongoing since
Pirongrong Ramasoota
28. Somkiat Tangnamo passed away in July 2010.
29. Nida Moryadee, “ OK Nation Blog as Citizen Journalism, ” unpublished master ’ s thesis,
Chulalongkorn University, 2009, 2 – 12.
30. See the Thailand country profi le in this volume for further details.
31. Reporters Without Borders, “ Government Uses State of Emergency to Escalate Censorship, ”
April 8, 2010, http://en.rsf.org/thailand-government-uses-state-of-emergency-08-04-2010,36968 .
32. Translation of Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007). Available at http://
www.isaanlawyers.com/constitution%20thailand%202007%20-%202550.pdf .
33. Translation of Thai Penal Code B.E. 2499 (1956), Section 112. Available at http://thailaws
.com/law/t_laws/tlaw50001.pdf .
34. Standing during the royal anthem in a movie theater is a customary practice in Thailand to
show respect and allegiance to the king.
35. “ Thailand: Moviegoer Faces Prison for Sitting during Anthem, ” New York Times , April 24,
2008, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9506E1DF1E31F937A15757C0A96E9C8B
63 & fta=y .
36. “ Aussie Author Gets Three-Year Sentence for L è se-Majest é , ” Bangkok Post , January 20, 2009,
http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/10026/aussie-author-gets-three-year-jail-sentence-for
-lese-majeste .
37. “ L è se-Majest é Suspect Flees, ” Bangkok Post , February 10, 2009, http://www.bangkokpost.com/
news/local/136371/lese-majeste-suspect-fl ees .
38. “ Eighteen Years in Jail for Da Torpedo, ” Bangkok Post, August 28, 2009.
39. Based on data of the National Electronic and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC),
Thailand has six international Internet gateways (IIGs): CAT Telecom Plc, TOT Plc, TRUE Corporation, Thai Telephone and Telecommunications (TT & T), ADC, and CS Loxinfo. These six IIGs
also serve as National Internet Exchange (NIX). Of these six IIGs, two — CAT Telecom Plc and
TOT Plc — are former state enterprises and monopoly telecommunications companies that have
been corporatized, while two others — TRUE and TT & T — are long-time telecommunications concessionaires. Only ADC and CS Loxinfo are new market entrants and fully private entities.
NECTEC ’ s data also show that only 20 ISPs are actually carrying regular Internet traffi c despite
the fact that more than 40 ISPs hold licenses to operate.
40. Of the 20 operating ISPs, half are semiconcessionaires, as 35 percent of their shares are by
default held by CAT Telecom, the long-standing international carrier monopoly. Although CAT
Telecom ’ s shares are wholly controlled by the Ministry of Finance, the corporatized state enterprise is under the bureaucratic structure of another government agency — MICT. This bureaucratic
structure also helps explain the line of control in monitoring and fi ltering Web sites in Thailand.
A number of ISPs are not under this bureaucratic structure, however. These are new operators
that emerged as a result of a telecommunications reform process that has been ongoing since