herring oil was prepared from fresh herring (Clupea harengus L.) collected from the
Gulf of Bothnia (June 1988). Preparation of the oil was performed at the Norwegian
Herring Oil and Meal Industry Research Institute, Bergen, Norway. The salmon
muscle tissue stemmed from a female salmon (Salmo salar L.) caught in the Ume
River at Stornorrfors, Sweden, in 1989. The seal sample was a composite of liver
tissue of adult grey seal (Halichoerus grypus (FABR.)) collected from the Baltic Sea
along the Swedish south-eastern coastline during the 1980s. Finally, the penguin
tissue was a sample from a juvenile Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adelis (L.)) found
dead at Shackleton’s Hut, Ross Island, Antarctica, in March 1988. The frozen tissue
was shipped to the University of Umeå, Sweden, where extraction and clean-up were
carried out (Buser et al. 1992). The authors stress that no individual chlordane
congeners were available as standards for their investigations at that time (today
commercially available). Instead, they used the technical chlordane mixture, in
which all compounds of interest could be identified and then assigned in the
environmental samples using published retention data. Technical chlordane consists
of a complex mixture of primarily hepta-, octa- and nona-chlorinated tricyclic
Table 8.12 (continued)
Biota/
tissue
Enantiomeric ratios
References
MC4 MC5 MC6 MC7 K U81 U82 BC
F3
–
–
–
–
– –
1.0
–
Trout
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.84 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.93
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.00
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.94
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.84
Orfe
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.80 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
Bream
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.89 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
Pike
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.85 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
Trout:
muscle
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.66 Bethan et al. (1997),
Karlsson et al. (1997a, b)
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.71
Bream:
muscle
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.19 Bethan et al. (1997),
Karlsson et al. (1997a, b)
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.22
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.08
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.34
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.56
–
–
–
–
– –
–
2.13
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.93
–
–
–
–
– –
–
2.05
150
8 Enantiomer-Specific Fate and Behaviour of Chiral Contaminants
Gulf of Bothnia (June 1988). Preparation of the oil was performed at the Norwegian
Herring Oil and Meal Industry Research Institute, Bergen, Norway. The salmon
muscle tissue stemmed from a female salmon (Salmo salar L.) caught in the Ume
River at Stornorrfors, Sweden, in 1989. The seal sample was a composite of liver
tissue of adult grey seal (Halichoerus grypus (FABR.)) collected from the Baltic Sea
along the Swedish south-eastern coastline during the 1980s. Finally, the penguin
tissue was a sample from a juvenile Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adelis (L.)) found
dead at Shackleton’s Hut, Ross Island, Antarctica, in March 1988. The frozen tissue
was shipped to the University of Umeå, Sweden, where extraction and clean-up were
carried out (Buser et al. 1992). The authors stress that no individual chlordane
congeners were available as standards for their investigations at that time (today
commercially available). Instead, they used the technical chlordane mixture, in
which all compounds of interest could be identified and then assigned in the
environmental samples using published retention data. Technical chlordane consists
of a complex mixture of primarily hepta-, octa- and nona-chlorinated tricyclic
Table 8.12 (continued)
Biota/
tissue
Enantiomeric ratios
References
MC4 MC5 MC6 MC7 K U81 U82 BC
F3
–
–
–
–
– –
1.0
–
Trout
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.84 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.93
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.00
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.94
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.84
Orfe
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.80 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
Bream
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.89 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
Pike
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.85 Pfaffenberger et al.
(1994a, b)
Trout:
muscle
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.66 Bethan et al. (1997),
Karlsson et al. (1997a, b)
–
–
–
–
– –
–
0.71
Bream:
muscle
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.19 Bethan et al. (1997),
Karlsson et al. (1997a, b)
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.22
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.08
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.34
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.56
–
–
–
–
– –
–
2.13
–
–
–
–
– –
–
1.93
–
–
–
–
– –
–
2.05
150
8 Enantiomer-Specific Fate and Behaviour of Chiral Contaminants