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Introduction
Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles found intracellularly. Mitochondria are also
known as the driving force of cell because it produces most of the energy supply of
cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and also plays a dynamic part in
metabolizing nutrients. There are many other cell functions performed by mitochondria like energy metabolism along with the production of ion radicals, homeostasis,
and cell integrity [1, 2]. Mainly, glucose is oxidized to produce ATP via OXPHOS
and also the metabolites of Kreb’s cycle and fatty acid are also oxidized to produce
ATP. Presently, it is now a well-known fact that pathophysiological changes produced in mitochondria in metabolic disease are directly linked with decreased mitochondrial working with the time as age increases, the biogenesis of mitochondria is
decreased which may be due to changes in pattern of segregation and merging of
mitochondrial cells and inhibiting the process of mitophagy. In this process, the
dysfunctional mitochondria are removed [3]. The reactive oxygen species belong to
a free radical family, it includes O
2−
, OH
−
, and peroxyl [4]. Mitochondrial cells have
many defense processes to pledge the production of ROS, as it is a predictable process and can be held whenever generated. This overproduction of reactive oxygen
species causes the DNA, lipids, and proteins to degrade to some extent [2]. Oxidative
stress is a risk factor for several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, stroke, aging,
and neurodegenerative diseases [5]. There are various pathophysiological conditions that emerge due to oxidative stress which is related to metabolic disorders [5].
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of health issues that include obesity, diabetes,
and dyslipidemia. These conditions increased the risk of elevated blood glucose
level, heart and blood vessel diseases. In this modern era, it may be the major health
issue of this society. Metabolic syndrome has several causes that act together like
overweight and obesity. Also, other factors involved in metabolic diseases are social,
personal, and economic burden [6]. From previous studies, it was evident that environmental factors and genetic variability participate in increasing the situation of
metabolic syndrome [7]. There are numerous data available that proves the role of
mitochondrial dysfunction and aging in the pathophysiology of aging, neurodegenerative disorder, and metabolic disease [5]. However, the basic mechanism of metabolic syndrome still remains unknown. This review article basically focused on the
mode of action involved in mitochondrial abnormality and the link between this
abnormality and the metabolic syndrome. So that the pharmacologic actions were
taken to target dysfunctional mitochondria to prevent the health hazards associated
with a metabolic disorder.
Functional and Dysfunctional Mitochondria
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic membranous organelle; it has its own self-replicating
genome. Mitochondria play a vital role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and
are mediators of cell integrity. The energy produced by mitochondria in eukaryotes
G. Murtaza et al.
Introduction
Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles found intracellularly. Mitochondria are also
known as the driving force of cell because it produces most of the energy supply of
cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and also plays a dynamic part in
metabolizing nutrients. There are many other cell functions performed by mitochondria like energy metabolism along with the production of ion radicals, homeostasis,
and cell integrity [1, 2]. Mainly, glucose is oxidized to produce ATP via OXPHOS
and also the metabolites of Kreb’s cycle and fatty acid are also oxidized to produce
ATP. Presently, it is now a well-known fact that pathophysiological changes produced in mitochondria in metabolic disease are directly linked with decreased mitochondrial working with the time as age increases, the biogenesis of mitochondria is
decreased which may be due to changes in pattern of segregation and merging of
mitochondrial cells and inhibiting the process of mitophagy. In this process, the
dysfunctional mitochondria are removed [3]. The reactive oxygen species belong to
a free radical family, it includes O
2−
, OH
−
, and peroxyl [4]. Mitochondrial cells have
many defense processes to pledge the production of ROS, as it is a predictable process and can be held whenever generated. This overproduction of reactive oxygen
species causes the DNA, lipids, and proteins to degrade to some extent [2]. Oxidative
stress is a risk factor for several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, stroke, aging,
and neurodegenerative diseases [5]. There are various pathophysiological conditions that emerge due to oxidative stress which is related to metabolic disorders [5].
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of health issues that include obesity, diabetes,
and dyslipidemia. These conditions increased the risk of elevated blood glucose
level, heart and blood vessel diseases. In this modern era, it may be the major health
issue of this society. Metabolic syndrome has several causes that act together like
overweight and obesity. Also, other factors involved in metabolic diseases are social,
personal, and economic burden [6]. From previous studies, it was evident that environmental factors and genetic variability participate in increasing the situation of
metabolic syndrome [7]. There are numerous data available that proves the role of
mitochondrial dysfunction and aging in the pathophysiology of aging, neurodegenerative disorder, and metabolic disease [5]. However, the basic mechanism of metabolic syndrome still remains unknown. This review article basically focused on the
mode of action involved in mitochondrial abnormality and the link between this
abnormality and the metabolic syndrome. So that the pharmacologic actions were
taken to target dysfunctional mitochondria to prevent the health hazards associated
with a metabolic disorder.
Functional and Dysfunctional Mitochondria
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic membranous organelle; it has its own self-replicating
genome. Mitochondria play a vital role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and
are mediators of cell integrity. The energy produced by mitochondria in eukaryotes
G. Murtaza et al.