26
a variety of physical malformations, delayed growth, and brain dysplasia. Eventually,
this situation can be reversed by appropriate supplementation of iodine [41]. Other
diseases related to thyroid abnormalities include [42]:
• Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
• Riedel fibrosing thyroiditis
• Wolff–Chaikoff effect
• Thyroid storm
• Toxic multinodular goiter
Parathyroid Gland Related Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism occurs due to decreased levels of PTH in serum or resistance
to PTH’s effects. Other reasons may include acquired, autoimmune, or congenital
diseases. This disease is marked by hypocalcemia irrespective of any cause.
Acquired hypoparathyroidism is commonly caused by iatrogenic injury or accidental resection of the gland during thyroidectomy. The injury (e.g., during neck cleaning) may be temporary or permanent.
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of acute hypoparathyroidism include tetany, paresthesia, and
muscle spasms. Sometime patient may experience a seizure. All these signs and
symptoms are attributable to hypocalcemia [43].
Adrenal Gland Related Disorders
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Acute adrenal insufficiency is the condition in which body requires more glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids beyond the limit of adrenal gland, responsible for
secreting these hormones. The main cause of this condition is the sudden withdrawal of steroidal drug therapy after being used for long period. It may also arise
when such patients fail to get a dose in stress, e.g., during a disease or after major
trauma or surgery. Acute dysfunction is classified into primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the endocrine gland’s dysfunction. Primary adrenal insufficiency
refers to adrenal dysfunction, secondary adrenal insufficiency refers to pituitary
dysfunction, and tertiary renal insufficiency is associated with hypothalamic dysfunction [44].
A. Ahsan et al.
a variety of physical malformations, delayed growth, and brain dysplasia. Eventually,
this situation can be reversed by appropriate supplementation of iodine [41]. Other
diseases related to thyroid abnormalities include [42]:
• Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
• Riedel fibrosing thyroiditis
• Wolff–Chaikoff effect
• Thyroid storm
• Toxic multinodular goiter
Parathyroid Gland Related Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism occurs due to decreased levels of PTH in serum or resistance
to PTH’s effects. Other reasons may include acquired, autoimmune, or congenital
diseases. This disease is marked by hypocalcemia irrespective of any cause.
Acquired hypoparathyroidism is commonly caused by iatrogenic injury or accidental resection of the gland during thyroidectomy. The injury (e.g., during neck cleaning) may be temporary or permanent.
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of acute hypoparathyroidism include tetany, paresthesia, and
muscle spasms. Sometime patient may experience a seizure. All these signs and
symptoms are attributable to hypocalcemia [43].
Adrenal Gland Related Disorders
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Acute adrenal insufficiency is the condition in which body requires more glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids beyond the limit of adrenal gland, responsible for
secreting these hormones. The main cause of this condition is the sudden withdrawal of steroidal drug therapy after being used for long period. It may also arise
when such patients fail to get a dose in stress, e.g., during a disease or after major
trauma or surgery. Acute dysfunction is classified into primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the endocrine gland’s dysfunction. Primary adrenal insufficiency
refers to adrenal dysfunction, secondary adrenal insufficiency refers to pituitary
dysfunction, and tertiary renal insufficiency is associated with hypothalamic dysfunction [44].
A. Ahsan et al.